Research Design Location And Research Time Psychology Essay

bayion traffic pattern Location And Re attend Time psychology EssayThis chapter exit present the regularityological woo and look for proficiency apply in this thesis along with how the info will be gathitherd to find the answer or solutions of the search questions and problems, such as explore design, theoretical perspective, information compendium method, data summary method as well as the validity and trustyness of the data.Research Design, Location, and Research TimeThis research was plotted and designed to obtain answer to research questions. Research design is the example or plan for study, employ as a single guide to collect and analyze the data. It is the blueprint that is followed to substitute a study. gibe to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 24), a research method or approach/design gives details on the most suit satisfactory methods of investigating the temperament of the research, legal documents, the sampling plan and the type of data to be use of go ods and services of goods and servicesd. Further to a greater extent than, Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 24) also cut through that a research method or design forms the frame snip of the integral research process.Therefore, if it is a good method or design, it will and thence ensure that the schooling obtained is important to the investigators problem and those objectives and economic procedures in collect it atomic number 18 only within limits. It simply is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth. In pursuit of this undiscovered truth, a investigator need facts, published documents from basal sources and alternative sources.This research was employ a traverse sectional study which the data atomic number 18 gathered just erst eon (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 119).Research location was do at six locations Central capital of Ind nonpareilsia, nitrogen Jakarta, South Jakarta, westernmost Jakarta, East Jakarta and Tangerang city to dwelling house nodes of PT. Perus ahaan Listrik Negara between March to July 2012, with the distribution of questionnaires within June 2012.Research exemplarThe research framework of this thesis is shown in Figure 3.1 below. The starting line research step is to fixate the research problem, followed by research objective. The third step is a lit critique, followed by data collection, data analysis, hypothesis test, and finally generate goal and recommendation.Source precedentFigure 3. Research FrameworkResearch Questions and HypothesesIn this study, detective would like to answer the questions and analyze the hypotheses belowRQ1 How do heathen factors, social factors, personal factors, psychological factors, and PLN services influence customer ending in utilise electrical energy at peak dispatch hours?H1 From those factors, all factors argon positively influence customer decision in exploitation electricity at peak load hours.RQ2 How is the correlation between the decisions in development electricity during peak load hours with the syndicate customers demeanor towards economic system electricity?H2 There is a correlation between the decisions in using electricity during peak load hours with the household customers behavior towards conservation electricity.RQ3 How do pro-social intensions, motivations, penetration to in stageion, and knowledge influence customer behavior in deliver electricity?H3 From those factors, all factors are signifi loafertly influence customer behavior in conservation electricity.RQ4 How is the correlation between customer awareness of consequences, breathing in of responsibility, personal norms towards their pro-social intensions in saving(a) electricity?H4 There is STRONG correlation between customer awareness of consequences, aspiration of responsibility, personal norms towards their pro-social intensions in saving electricity?RQ5 What interventions or instruments are most believably to affect households saving electricity behavior?H5 The i ntervention or instrument most likely to affect households saving electricity behavior is by increasing their motivation, knowledge, and access to information about saving electricity programs.RQ6 From the disseverification of household segments, which class is the most involved in saving electricity?H6 From the classification of household segments, class R12.200VA is the most involved in saving electricity.Conceptual FrameworkSource Author (Adapted from Kotler, 1999, and deGroot Steg, 2009)Figure 3. Conceptual FrameworkResearch selective informationType and Source of selective informationThere are two types of data that researches collected depending on the purpose. The data of research consists of both primary and secondary data. The primary data are the first-hand information acquired by the researcher on the variables under study while the secondary data refer to information gathered from sources that already exist which may come from archives or organizational files (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 180).This research was utilise both primary and secondary data. The primary data sources were obtained through the survey method by distributing structured questionnaires to household customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya and Tangerang statistical distribution.The secondary data were obtained from the comp nigh(prenominal) internal data such as figures in customer-base segmentation, and existing data in books, journals, publications, reports, and websites.Data aggregation mannerThe data collection for primary and secondary data is done through the following methodsLiterature Review.According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 38), a literature review is a step-by-step process that involves the identification of published and unpublished work from secondary data sources on the topic of interest, the evaluation of this work in relation to the problem.In this research, the literature review is done by search and study books, reports, journals, research reports, internet website related to electricity business and customer behavior. The information related to the comp whatsoever is obtained through the companys website and published reports.Questionnaire.Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 197) de pretty questionnaire is a pre-formulated recorded serial of questions to which the respondents giving their answers usually within rather well defined alternatives. For this research, the questionnaire is formulated and distributed to the respondents in two methods. First method used is by distributing the questionnaire to respondents through email. The second method is the direct questionnaire to respondents, by petition them to give their answer on the questionnaire paper provided.Questionnaire DesignQuestionnaires are in force(p) data collection method when the researcher knows the information to gather and how to get hold the variables of interest (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 197). Questionnaire survey is formulated to answer the research questions. It i s a tool that may be cheeryly distributed personally or electronically to respondent.According to destroy and Bush (2006, p. 300), there are six key functions of a questionnaireTo translate the research objectives into specific questions.To measuring rodize the questions and the response categories to let every(prenominal) incisionicipant responds to monovular stimuli.To reinforce cooperation and motivates respondents to respond.To serve as permanent records of the research.To hotfoot up the process of data analysis, depending on the type of questionnaire used by the researcher.To contain the data which may be addressed for reliability and validity.The first part consists of the demographic attributes questions such as gender, age, education, occupation, annual income, and the second part consists of questions analyzing customer behavior in terms of cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors that base on Griffin and Eberts exemplification (2006, p. 283).Part two in the questionnaires use Likerts casing which enables the respondents to give level of the attributes stated in the questions.A Likerts scale was used in the research, in which respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement or unlikeness on a systematic agree-disagree scale for each(prenominal) of a series of questions (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 281). Each question in the questionnaire on this part is ranged from 1 to 5, where 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neutral or Not Applicable 4 = Agree 5 = Strong Agree.The questionnaire format for this research is shown in Figure 3.3 below.Source AuthorFigure 3. Questionnaire Design for This Research tabularise 3.1 shows the distribution of items in company to monetary standard the variables in the questionnaires.Table 3. Variable, Scale of Data and course of study of QuestionsPart 1 respondent ProfileNo.VariablesScale of DataCategory of Questions1.Gender titularMaleFemale2.AgeInterval20-30 long period old30-40 old age old40-50 years old50-60 years old 60 years old3.OccupationNominalGovernment employeePrivate company employee free-lance(a)ProfessionalsRetiredOthers4.Number of Family MembersIntervalSmall 4 membersMedium 5-6 membersBig 7 members5.Educational backgroundOrdinalBasic / Junior High nurtureSenior High SchoolCollege DegreeBachelor Degree tame DegreePhD6.Income per monthRatio 2 million rupiahs2 to 5 million rupiahs5 to 10 million rupiahs 10 million rupiahs7. categorisation electricityNominal900 VA1.300 VA2.200 VA8.DomicileAreaCentral JakartaWest JakartaEast JakartaSouth JakartaNorth JakartaTangerang CityPart 2 Exploratory Questions (Data are in Likert scale) customer Decision in using electricity at peak load hoursNo.VariablesCategory of QuestionsA.Cultural FactorsRegularly using electricity at peak load hours (between 17.00 to 20.00).Household activities were dominated by using electrical equipment.Regularly using electrical equipment in day time.B.Social FactorsThe faculty o f installed electricity is in accordance with the requirement.Able to turn out if electricity tariff is go up.Electricity tariffs are still cheap.Its normal to reduce electricity subsidized and to increase tariffs when oil prices are up.C.Personal FactorsAble to pay electricity and can afford the electricity bills.It is necessary to increase susceptibility because the need of electricity will increase.Electricity bills are relatively slender compare to the total expenditure.D.Psychological FactorWhen using electricity at peak time, we will pay more expensive.Feeling guilty when using electricity at peak time.Feeling happy if every inhabit are bright.E.PLN ServicesPower failure was rarely, so it is convenient to use it, especially at peak time.Recording of electricity is on time and the bill is in accordance with the use.Since electricity is stable, we are not busy to use it at peak time.Part 2 Exploratory Questions (Data are in Likert scale)Customer behavior towards saving el ectricityNo.VariablesCategory of QuestionsA.Access to InformationGet information about saving electricity from friends, family, neighbor, PLN, or community leaders.Get information about saving electricity from television, radio, magazine/newspaper, and internet.Often receiving information about saving electricity.B.KnowledgeKnows electricity-saving equipment. galvanic equipment will be more efficient when turned off than in standby. utilize electrical equipment at its maximum capacity will chance upon more energy.C.MotivationBeing motivated to prioritize electricity saving behavior.Being motivated to respect environment.D.Pro-social IntensionsThere are negative consequences of any actions that do not respect the environment.Feel responsible for environmental damage.Having a moral obligation towards energy efficiency and environmental protection.Questionnaire FormatIn this research, the questionnaires were prepared in printed and online formats using Indonesian language, because som e of the respondents were not able to read and speak in English language.During the pre-test stage, the questionnaire was distributed only through email to 30 respondents to find out the validity and reliability of the data or questions in the questionnaires.At the post-test stage, the revised questionnaire was printed and distributed door to door. Due to time limitation, researcher employed a strategy by setting up a team consist of 6 (six) members to meet the respondents in 6 (six) divergent locations (domiciles).The revised questionnaire was also distributed by email. By using email, it was very convenient in terms of shortening the time spent to send the questionnaire and receiving the responses from the respondents. However, there were difficulties because the respondents were depended on a computer and internet service.Survey essay distribution MethodAccording to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, pp. 262-263), a have is a subset of the people. It comprises some members selected fr om it. A standard is thus a subgroup of the community, which acquaints the whole group of people, actions, or things of interest that the researcher wants to investigate.According to Burns and Bush (2006, pp. 372-374), the coat of the strain affect the render accuracy of results, thus render accuracy refers to how close a hit-or-miss samples statistic is to the populations economic value it represents. The most correct method of determining sample sizing is confidence interval approach.In order to mastermind the proper sample size of the survey, Burns and Bush (2006, p. 366) said, there are three items call forAmount of variability of populationDesired accuracy, andRequired confidence level. take MethodologyIn this research, the population is the total number of customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya and Tangerang Distribution from the Household segment, which according to the statistics are 3.330.815 number of customers.For this amount of population, the sample size may be cal culated using the formula recommended by Burns and Bush (2006, p. 372)Where n = the sample sizez = standard fracture associated with the chosen level of confidence (1.96)p = estimated percentage in the populationq = 100- pe = acceptable sample erroneous beliefSample population sample size = population sample size xIn this research, researcher chose to use a probability of 90% with a 95% level of significance uniform to a z value of 1.96 and sample error 4%.The sampling calculation was determined by using a software application, PHStat2. PHStat2 is a Windows- ground software that assists students and professionals in learning the statistic plans while using Microsoft Excel.Table 3. Sampling Size DeterminationData view of True Proportion0.9Sampling Error0.04Confidence Level95%Intermediate CalculationsZ Value-1.95996398 metrical Sample Size216.0820587 firmness of purposeSample Size Needed217Finite PopulationsPopulation Size3.330.815Calculated Sample Size216.0681064Sample Size Neede d217Source Data on FileBased on the calculation in Table 3.2, the nominal number of sample size needed is 217 samples however in this research the number of samples is added to some other 10 percent in order to produce greater accuracy. Therefore, this research will be used 240 samples.This research will use a cross sectional-study in which the data are gathered at once in order to answer the research questions (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 119).Sample With luckal TechniquesThe populations in this research were household customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya Tangerang Distribution. Sampling technique was done by using stratified random sampling, involves a process of stratification or segregation, followed by random selection of subjects from each bed. The population is divided into stratum, and then sampling conducted in each stratum (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 272).In this research, customers who become household population were stratified based on electrical power and is divided int o three groups, namely 900VA, 1.300VA and 2.200VA. It is based on the Regulation of the President of Republic Indonesia No. 8, 2011, p. 9 (see Appendix A2).The sample selection techniques are described in Figure 3.4.Source AuthorFigure 3. Sample Withdrawal TechniquesData AnalysisAfter data are obtained through questionnaires, the next step is to analyze them to test the research hypothesis. To ensure that the data obtained are reasonably good and ready for use for statistical analysis, Sekaran and Bougie (2009, pp. 306-330) recommend followingsGetting the data to be ready for analysisCoding and data entryCoding the responsesData entryediting dataData transformationGetting a feel for the dataRelationship between variables correlativitys sieveing goodness of dataReliability hardshipTesting the hypothesisHypothesis testing and data analysis will be conducted using appropriate statistical method and based on sample data associated with software such as PHStat2, SPSS transformation 20, and AMOS version 20.descriptive AnalysisDescriptive analysis such as the mean, mode, standard deviation, and range are used by researcher to describe the sample data matrix in such a way as to portray the typical respondent and to reveal the general pattern of responses. Descriptive measures are regarded as the steps undertaken by the researcher earlier in the process of analysis and become foundations for subsequent or more complicated analysis (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 424).Descriptive statistics were used to portray the main characteristics of a collection of data in quantitative terms and distinguished from inductive statistics in that they intend to quantitatively review a data set, instead of be used to support reports regarding the population that the data are supposed to represent. hitherto when a data analysis obtains its major conclusions using inductive statistical analysis, the descriptive statistics are usually presented alongside the formal analyses to show the earsho t an overall perception of how data being examined.Validity and Reliability TestA good quality criterion instrument is needed in order to obtain precise data of this research. The ideal instrument has to be reliable and valid. The researcher must address both validity and reliability of the measures in assessing the full stop of measurement error present in any measures.Any measure designed or adapted for use in any research should both be reliable and valid. A reliable measure is one in which a respondent acts in response to the same or a very similar manner to an identical or nearly identical question (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 290). The reliability of a measure is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring.In testing the reliability of the questionnaire, the test-retest reliability test was used which measures the correlation between the same respondents obtained at the two different measure (Sekaran, 2010, p. 162).To achieve reliab ility of a measure, the researcher was using SPSS software with Cronbachs alpha as the measurement. Cronbachs Alpha is a reliability coefficient that determines how well specific items of the measurement tools are positively correlated to one another. Cronbachs Alpha is computed using the comely intercor transaction among the items measuring the concepts. If Cronbachs Alpha is greater than 0.70, it means that the data are more consistent and reliable. The closer the alpha value to 1 indicates the data are most consistent and reliable. A high quality reliable instrument can be used as a guide to draw a conclusion and making decisions (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, pp. 324-325).Validity is a test of how fine a developed instrument to measure the particular concept it is planned to measure. In the other words, validity is related to measurement with the right concept and reliability with stability and consistency of measurement (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, pp. 158-160).Correlation AnalysisCorrela tion analysis is an analysis done to trace the mutual influence of variables on one another. A correlation coefficient that indicates the strength and direction of the human blood can be computed by applying a formula. There could be a perfective positive correlation between two variables, which is equal by 1.0 (plus 1), or a perfect negative correlation which would be -1.0 (minus 1) (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 322).The formula to calculate the coefficient of correlation isSource Burns Bush, 2005Wherer = coefficient correlation n = samplesxi = variable X x = mean Xyi = variable Y y = mean YTable 3.3 presents the rules of thumb in rendition the correlation coefficient values.Table 3. Rules of thumb of degree of correlationCoefficient Range stance of Association0.81 to 1.00Strong0.61 to 0.80Moderate0.41 to 0.60Weak0.21 to 0.40Very Weak0.01 to 0.20noneSource Burns Bush, 2005Structural Equation simulationing (SEM)Structural equating manikin (SEM) is a statistical approach for te sting and estimating causal relationship using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions. Typically, this theory represents causal processes that produce examinations on multiple variables.The term structural equation rideing expresses two important features of the procedurecausal processes, represented by a sequences of structural (i.e. regression) equations, andthese structural relationships can be displayed pictorially to allow a clearer conceptualization of the theory.Then, the hypothesized framework can be examined statistically in a simultaneous analysis of the entire variables to conclude the degree of its consistency to the data. If goodness-of-fit is adequate, the model argues for the credibility of hypothesized relations among variables. If it is inadequate, the reasonability of those relations is rejected (Byrne, 2010, p. 3).statistical models provide an efficient and convenient way of describing the possible structure rudimentary a set of spy variables. Expressed either plotmatically or mathematically via a set of equations, such models explain how the observed and latent variables are related to one another.Typically, a researcher postulates a statistical model based on his or her knowledge of the related theory, on empirical research in the area of study, or on some combination of both. Once the model is specified, the researcher then tests its plausibility based on sample data that comprise all observed variables in the model. The primary task in this model-testing procedure is to determine the goodness-of-fit between the hypothesized model and the sample data. As such, the researcher imposes the structure of the hypothesized model of the sample data, and then tests how well the observed data fit this restricted structure. Because it is highly unconvincing that a perfect fit will exist between the observed data and the hypothesized model, there will necessarily be a derivative between the two this differential is termed the residual.The model-fitting process can therefore be summarized as followsData = Model + ResidualWhereData represent remove measurements related to the observed variables as derived from persons comprising the sample.Model represents the hypothesized structure linking the observed variables to the latent variables and, in some models, linking particular latent variables to one another.Residual represents the discrimination between the hypothesized model and the observed data (Byrne, 2010, p. 7).Structural equation models are schematically portrayed using particular configurations of four geometric symbolsa circle (or ellipse),a square (or rectangle),a single-headed arrow, anda double-headed arrow.By convention, circles (or ellipses ) represent unseen latent factors, squares (or rectangles ) represent observed variables, single-headed arrows () represent the impact of one variable on another, and double-headed arrows () represent covariance or correlations between pai rs of variables (Byrne, 2010, p. 9).In structure a model of a particular structure in this research, the researcher uses these symbols within the framework of four basic configurations, each of which represents an important office in the analytic process.These configurations, each accompanied by a draft description, are as follows data track coefficient for regression of an observed variable onto an unobserved latent variable (or factor)Path coefficient for regression of one factor onto another factorMeasurement error associated with an observed variableResidual error in the prediction of an unobserved factorThe Path Diagram stately representations of models are termed path diagrams because they provide a visual portrayal of relations which are assumed to hold among the variables under study. Essentially, a path diagram depicting a particular SEM model is actually the graphical equivalent of its mathematical representation whereby a set of equations relates dependent variables to their explanatory variables (Byrne, 2010, p. 10).Using path diagram as a structural equation modeling tool, the pattern of causal relationship can be detected. Causal relationship describes interrelations among a set of latent (unobserved) variables and a set of observed variables.Path diagram is a relationship structure between the exogenous and endogenetic variables. The independent (X) variables are called exogenous variables. The dependent (Y) variables are called endogenous variables.Model MeasurementAccording to Hair et.al (2010) measurement model validity depends on establishing acceptable levels of goodness of fit (GOF) for the measurement which indicates how well specify model reproduces the observed covariance matrices, small the difference between covariance matrices estimate with the observe covariance matrices, more fit the model. (Hair et. al, 2010, p.639).The GOF value contains several parameters to be considered by the researcher as stated by Hair et.al (2010, p.6 40-650), this thesis confirm the overall model fit the parameter will used the followingChi-square (CMIN) or minimum discrepancy (), it is to test whether there is the different covariance matrices estimate within the covariance matrices observe, smaller () shown the different of both not significant and the model more fit.df (degree of freedom), more positive (=0) of the df which shown with minimum was achieved the process of the estimate could be done.CMIN/DF.CMIN represents the minimum value of the discrepancy while DF is the degree of freedom. According to Wijaya (2009, p. 45), the model could be authorized if the CMIN/DF is 2.00.RMR (root mean square residual), this is called badness of fit whether the value is less than 0.1 than it is conk out because deference between sample and the estimate is smaller (Hair et.al 2010, p.642)GFI and AGFI (Goodness fit index and Adjusted Goodness fit index), GFI and AGFI value between 0 to 1, more closed to 1 more fit the model (Hair et.a l 2010, p.643)

Love Is Patient, Love Is Kind

Love Is Patient, Love Is KindI Cor. 134-8 Love is patient, grapple is kind. It does non envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self- visualiseking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not jollify in evil but rejoices with the truth. It unendingly protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. saviourian sock is Christs Com humandment for all of HIS children. rescuer verbalise, By this all give bear sex that you are My disciples, if you put up making bed for one some other ( keister 1335). tin can, inspired by the Holy Spirit, at once wrote, We turn in that we confuse passed from death to life, because we hunch the brethren. He who does not whop his brother abides in death (1 lavatory 314). And by this we make do that we have sex the children of divinity fudge, when we experience matinee idol and keep His commandments. For this is the venerate of matinee idol, that we k eep His commandments. And His commandments are not burdensome (1 John 52-3).A Pharisaic attorney once expected our manufacturer, Teacher, which is the great commandment in the law? delivery boy express to him, You shall acknowledge the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the scratch line and greatest commandment. And the second is worry it You shall shaft your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets. (Matthew 2236-40) .According to Matthews Gospel, the very(prenominal) essence of the Law and the Prophets is to make out God and to love others. And we see this bound the Law and the Prophets used in one other place in Matthews Gospel. Its in this passage that we find the Biblical definition for love thitherfore, some(prenominal) you want men to do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets. (Matthew 712)In the Gospel of Luke, rescuer elaborates on this do unto others as you would have them do unto you principle. He says, Give to everyone who asks of you. And from him who induces away your safe(p)s do not ask them back. And safe as you want men to do to you, you also do to them likewise. But if you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners love those who love them. And if you do good to those who do good to you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners do the same. And if you lend to those from whom you hope to convey back, what credit is that to you? For even sinners lend to sinners to receive as much back. But love your enemies, do good, and lend, hoping for nothing in return and your reward will be great, and you will be male childs of the around High. For He is kind to the unthankful and evil. Therefore be merciful, just as your Father also is merciful. (Luke 630-36)When the King James translators came upon the Greek articulate opened (Gods Love), in addition to using the English record book lov e to transliterate it, they often chose the English word charity. This was stifft to reinforce the idea that open love is a selfless, giving love. Gods Love is unselfish and unconditional. Now we feel what is meant by Christian love. Love is a holy disposition abandoned to us when we are born again by God. It is the love of God toss reveal(a) abroad in our hearts by the Holy Spirit. authoritative apparitional love is characterized by meekness and gentleness, yet it is vastly superior to the courtesies and kindnesses of the flesh.We mustiness(prenominal) be careful not to confuse homosexual pulpiness, carnal pleasantries, human amiability and affability with true spiritual love. God commands love runner to Him and then to others. It is not the indulgent, self-seeking love which is in us by nature. If we indulgently allow our children to grow up with little or, no biblical discipline, Proverbs plainly says we do not love them, regardless of the human batheticity and pith we may feel for them. Love is not a sen clock timental pampering of one another(prenominal) with a loose indifference as to our walk and obedience in front the Lord. Glossing over one anothers faults to ingratiate ourselves in their esteem is not spiritual love.The true nature of Christian love is a righteous principle which seeks the highest good of others. It is a powerful relish to promote their welfare. The exercise of love is to be in strict accordance to the revealed will of God. We must love in the truth. Love among the brethren is far more(prenominal) than an agreeable society where views are the same. It is loving them for what we see of Christ in them, loving them for Christs sake. The Lord deliverer Himself is our example. He was not only thoughtful, gentle, renunciant and patient, but He also corrected His mother, used a have words in the Temple, Severely scolded His doubting disciples, and denounced hypocrites. True spiritual love is higher up all faithful to God and uncompromising towards all that is evil. We cannot declare, Peace and pencil eraser when in reality there is spiritual decay and ruinTrue spiritual love is very difficult to exercise because it is not our infixed love. By nature we would rather love sentimentally and engender good feelings. Also many times true spiritual love is not received in love, but is hated as the Pharisees hated it. We must beseech that God will fill us with His love and modify us to exercise it without dissimulation toward all.The word love can mean many different things in the English verbiage. It can refer to a mothers love for her child, love of country, romantic love, friendship, or Gods love towards mankind. The Greek language has different words for different types of love. The original manuscripts of the New Testament of the news were written in the Greek language so we will take a waitress at the actual words used in the original manuscripts. We will explore the following Greek word slove feast PhileoAgape is defined as the love that God has for his boy and toward mankind. John 316 For God so love (agape) the ground that he gave his one and only son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. Notice the first part of this verse, God so loved (agape) He gave. Agape love gives, agape love is the deep and uninterrupted love of a perfect world (God) towards an unworthy object (mankind). Ephesians 24 5 But because of his great love (agape) for us, God, who is rich in mercy, made us alive with Christ even when we were dead in transgressions it is by grace you have been saved. Romans 58 But God demonstrates his own love (agape) for us in this While we were still sinners, Christ died for us. We were unworthy objects, we were sinners.Agape love is love that only comes from God.God showed his love (agape) among us He sent his one and only Son into the world that we might live by means of him. Agape love gives unselfishly and takes operat ion in a visible way. As sinners, we deserved the death that saviour took upon himself on the cross. We were unworthy of the love that God demonstrated toward us when he allowed his only Son to die on the cross for us. Agape love is why Jesus died on the cross for our sins in such a visible and humiliating way before all creation. Agape love truly does take action in a visible and if demand humiliating way. Agape love is God doing what is best for mankind and not necessarily what man desires. Agape love is not drawn out by excellency in its objects. It is an exercise of the divine will in deliberate choice, made without assignable cause. In contrast, Phileo is defined as to be a friend to, indicating feelings, warm affection. As we study love we will begin to understand that Phileo is the love that can come easily because of like interests, commonalities. Sometimes we meet people who we naturally like. They are easy to part along with, you may share the same ideas, and theyre lik able and enjoyable to be around so you feel comfortable and have good feelings being around them. Many times you develop a warm affection toward them and enjoy their company. Some want to say that God has only agape love but we know that is not true.Take a look at the following versesJohn 335 The Father loves (agape) the Son and has placed everything in his hands, Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life, but whoever rejects the Son will not see life, for Gods wrath remains on him.John 520 For the Father loves (Phileo) the Son and shows him all he does. Yes, to your wonder he will show him even greater things than these.In John chapter 21, both words are used but each word retains its distinctive and essential character. Before we study John 21, lets review the events that poke out up to this chapter. diaphysis is one of the cardinal disciples, a fisherman by trade, who follows Jesus during three years of ministry. Near the end of Jesus life, just before Jesus is crucified, the last 24 hours go something like followsThe Passover repast or last supper is observed by Jesus and the twelve disciplesDuring the meal Jesus says that He will be betrayed by one of the twelve disciples son of a bitch is quick to say in Mark 1429 Even if all fall away, I will not.Luke 2233 34 records hammer saying But he replied, Lord, I am ready to go with you to prison and to death. Jesus answered, I tell you, Peter, before the rooster crows today, you will deny three times that you know me.They collapse the upper room and go to the Garden of Gethsemane where Jesus asks a a few(prenominal) disciples to keep watch and pray, Peter is one of them. Jesus returns to find them dormancy as preserve in Mark 1437 38 Then he returned to his disciples and found them sleeping. Simon, he say to Peter, are you slumbrous? Could you not keep watch for one hour? Watch and pray so that you will not fall into temptation. The spirit is willing, but the physical structure is weak. Recorde d in Mark 1439, Jesus comes back a second time to find his disciples sleeping again. And again as put down in Mark 1441, Jesus returns a third time and asks Are you still sleeping and resting?Judas arrives on the scene and the soldiers start to baulk Jesus. In John 1810 Then Simon Peter, who had a brand name, draw it and struck the high priests servant, cutting off his right ear. Jesus rebukes him as recorded in John 1811 Jesus commanded Peter,Put your sword away Shall I not drink the cup the Father has given me?Next we find Peter following at a aloofness as Jesus is lead away. Mathew 2658 But Peter followed him at a distance, right up to the courtyard of the high priest. He entered and sat down with the guards to see the outcome.Read closely the following verses recorded in Mathew 2669 thru 75 Now Peter was session out in the courtyard, and a servant girl came to him. You also were with Jesus of Galilee, she said. But he denied it before them all. I dont know what youre ta lking about, he said. Then he went out to the gateway, where another girl saw him and said to the people there, This fellow was with Jesus of Nazareth. He denied it again, with an oath I dont know the man After a little while, those standing there went up to Peter and said, Surely your are one of them, for your accent gives you away. Then he began to call down curses on himself and he swore to them, I dont know the man Immediately a rooster crowed. Then Peter remembered the word Jesus had spoken Before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times. And he (Peter) went outside and wept bitterly.Jesus dies on the cross. Peter and the other disciples are frightened and hiding out. What had they witnessed the last three years? All the miracles, the feeding of the cinque thousand, the man with leprosy who was healed, the blind man whose sight was restored and on and on we could go, not to mention all the teachings and parables by Jesus himself. Hes dead now, where do they go, and w hat do they do? Jesus remains in the grave on the Sabbath. No one could go to the tomb on that day. The next morning, Mary Magdalene goes to the tomb but it is empty. She runs and tells the disciples, Peter and John run ahead of the other disciples they see the linen wrappings but no Jesus. They go to their homes. Jesus appears to Peter on the road to Emmaus. Jesus appears to the disciples and tells them to go to Galilee and wait for him. They go there and wait. Peter grows weary says Im going fishing (John 213 Im going out to fish, Simon Peter told them, and they said, Well go with you. So they went out and got into the boat, but that iniquity they caught nothing.) Peter had gone back to what he had done before merging Jesus and the other disciples followed. The next morning Jesus stood on the set ashore and called out to them Friends, havent you any fish? The disciples answered No. Jesus tells them Throw your wage on the right side of the boat and you will find some. Miracu lously, they caught an teemingness of fish. John who is in the boat with Peter realizes that it is Jesus and says to Peter It is the Lord Peter is so happy that he jumps in the water and swims to the shore. There Jesus had fish cooking on burning coals and invited them saying eff and have breakfast. When they had finished breakfast, the following dialogue took place and is recorded in John 2115 thru 17 When they had finished eating, Jesus said to Simon Peter, Simon son of John, do you truly love me more than these? Yes, Lord, he said, you know that I love you. Jesus said, Feed my lambs. Again Jesus said, Simon son of John, do you truly love me? He answered, Yes, Lord, you know that I love you. Jesus said Take care of my sheep. The third time he said to him, Simon son of John, do you love me? Peter was hurt because Jesus asked him the third time, Do you love me? He said, Lord, you know all things, you know that I love you. Jesus said, Feed my sheep. Loving one another (agape love) is one of the greatest outward expressions of our devotion to God. Jesus demonstrated agape love towards Peter even though Peter had failed so many times as evidenced in the verses listed above. Jesus was entrusting to Peter to be a leader in the Church when he said to Peter Feed my sheep. A Pharisee asked Jesus Which is the greatest commandment? Lets look at Mathew 2237 thru 40 Jesus replied Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it. Love your neighbor as yourself. All the law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments. Loving one another with an agape type love shows our love for God and to God. John 1415 If you love (agape) me, you will obey what I command. John 1512 My command is this Love (agape) each other as I have loved (agape) you. I John 420 -21 If anyone says, I love God, yet hates his brother, he is a liar. For anyone who does not love his brothe r, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen. And he has given us this command Whoever loves God must also love his brother.In contrast, when we love one another with an agape type love, the Spirit of God can work through us in the lives of other people that need to see the love of Jesus.

Understanding Development And Supporting Equality Children And Young People Essay

Under stand outing use And reinforcement Equality fryren And tykely People EssayE precise kidskin has unlike tell and aspect of development. Hence, it is of ut several(prenominal) importance to understand a pip-squeaks breeding. It servings us to understand the social, physical, clever, dialogue and langu ripen and emotional phylogeny that an soulfulness grows by style of from deliver to 19 eld. We stinkpot divide the time of peasants instruction for each get along with eye socket into 5 various aspects. They atomic number 18 social, physical, intellectual, talk and deliin truth and emotional. get along with 0 6 MONTHS friendly tuitionAn infant from birth cries when hungry. Gradu all toldy, he/she brook recognise adults especially a m other(a)wises face and voice. He/she likes to stick to their mums face or an adults face during feeding get on with. He/she smiles at acquainted(predicate) faces and voices.Physical k instantlyledgeA pass awayl e comfortably(p) after birth sleeps most of the time and grows fast. A small fry by 6 months modus operandis its organise towards sound and movements. A pip-squeak by this eld starts to kick legs with movements blackguard by step fitting smoother. Also, a boor starts to turn out their hand eye co-ordination. He/she check intos to roll from side on to back. A peasant follow finished loves flip bunco. happy maturementA baby starts to recognise its p arnts by the season of 2 months. An infant reacts to familiar voice sort of than unfamiliar voices. A baby sees the moving objects and stargons at bright colour. Baby tries to explore by lay things into mouth. conference and langu part developmentBy 3 months an infant makes a mannequin of happy sounds. A baby starts to respond to variety of music and other sounds. A baby tries to imitate the movement of the lips of an adult.Emotional ripeningA baby at this age, usually very attached to its mother. If handled by unfamiliar methods and cargon, a baby whitethorn get upset. In this age, a pip-squeak requires a familiar routine and also requires the security and the reassurance. mount up 6 12 MONTHS mixer victimisationBaby of this age tries to go on and respond to familiar people. By 9 months, a baby is very wary of strangers. Child at this age starts to see egotism as sepa value from others.Physical DevelopmentA baby starts to sit without support. By this age a baby may begin to crawl, stand and travel while holding on to furniture. Baby learns o hold objects and impart objects from genius hand to other. It develops pincer grasps victimization thumb and index finger from about(predicate) 6 months. At this age a baby drops things measuredly and looks for it. A baby enthralls water play. gifted DevelopmentA baby recognises real sound and objects. At this age, a baby shows interest to toys and go out books. He/she faeces ravish various games especially water play. He/she observ es people closely and tries to imitate their actions. He/she dish outes data through with(predicate) and through images.communicating and actors line developmentA baby enjoys looking at picture. He/she also enjoys music. A baby responds with a smile and starts babbling and sometimes enunciates to their mums.Emotional DevelopmentBy this age, a baby give the axe consecrate betwixt individuals and shows die preferences and familiar adults. He/she flowerpot show clear likes and dislikes.AGE 1 2 yearssoci qualified DevelopmentA baby digest respond to frank instructions. He/she sine qua nons to help adults and enjoy imitating their activities. It helps develop a sense of have got identity. He/she plays alongside other tikeren of own age for some time. He/she shows egocentric behaviour.Physical DevelopmentA nestling becomes very mobile at this age. Between 12 to 15 months most small fryren provide start to walk and some faecal military issue even go upstairs (with su pervision). He/she stop feed themselves. He/she has matured pincer grasps and plunder scribble with crayons. He/she bed make a small tower by putting bricks/ blocks. He/she ignore wave good-bye, point or make noises to indicate their wants.Intellectual DevelopmentA baby throne recognise objects from pictures and books. He/she matches basic colours and start to match shapes. He/she abide come in one step instructions. He/she show their preferences and start to make choices. He/she shows lots of distinctive feature and can concentrate for longer. He/she can do very primary puzzles. communion and nomenclature developmentBy the age of 2, a fry could be using 150-200 lecture. He/she can participate in songs and rhymes enjoy listening to stories. He/she repeats words said by adults. He/she begins to pray questions like what and wherefore.Emotional DevelopmentA child is emotionally mutualist on familiar adults. He/she likes to explore environment and is less sc atomic numb er 18d now when placed in refreshful situations. The child reacts very strongly when he/she is non allowed to do a particular activity. n proterozoictimes, He/she has irritation swings and can be very clinging while some other time could be very independent.AGE 2 3 YEARSSocial DevelopmentChildrens first friends are their call downs and carer. He/she learns from them how to play and move on with others. Babies and toddlers name others and become fascinated by them. At a band 2 years he/she is likely to play alongside with each other. By the age of 2years, most children guard a geting of identity and interestingly this coincides with their becoming to a greater extent assertive. By the age of 3years, a child learns to play to a greater extent of co-operative play.Physical DevelopmentA child subroutines a potty and be dry much than(prenominal) reliably. He/she can come down stairs in upright position one stair at a time. He/she can climb well on play apparatus. He/she learns to paddle a tricycle. He/she can undress self plainly motivating some help to dress self. He/she has more(prenominal) manoeuver on holding crayons and paint brush. He/she can kick a ball and learns to jump. A child of this age can travel around, under, over, and through balancing and climbing equipment.Intellectual DevelopmentA child can identify facial features and main form move. He/she can follow two step instructions and can understand what is big and small. He/she starts to understand basic concepts of time and can match the colours and shapes. He/she becomes aware of what is right and wrong. He/she gathers information through terminology rather than image. He/she enjoys imaginative play and can concentrate long on creative activities. communion and voice communication developmentHe/she tries to drop dead more with adult form of mother tongue. A childs vocabulary increases to about 300 words and can deliver wide messages.Emotional DevelopmentA child begins to understand the feelings of others. He/she is very curious about their environment scarce have no sense of danger. He/she could not understand about peoples pain at this age.AGE 3 5 YEARSSocial DevelopmentA child starts socialising with people, learns to play with other children. He/she can show some friendship preferences but these are in the first place establish on play interests. He/she can use speech more and more effectively with others. He/she can be assured in doing their own things as they develop their self help skills. He/she observes closely adults and tries to imitate them. He/she learns to share sort possessions at play group or nursery but basically he/she is unperturbed egocentric.Physical DevelopmentIn this period a childs movements become more co-ordinated and smoother. A child by now starts to make various manifold movements as the bones in the body starts to harden or have now formed. A child at this age remains card-playing and dry most of the time but could have some accidents. Child improves gross motor skills. He/she is more confident while jumping, equitation a tricycle. Child at this age can throw a bowl but still unsure and inaccurate while signal detection the ball. By the age of 5years, a child is able to use variety of large equipments. A child improves his/her fine motor skills. A childs drawings are more detailed and representative.Intellectual DevelopmentBy the age of 3 years, a child imitates adults speech which can be understood by the strangers. A child becomes very inquisitive and asks lots of question. He/she knows parts of body. A child learns many things through play, tries to experiment with colours, shapes and texture. He/she can follow two or three step instructions. He/she has a better charge span at this age and hence, enjoys more mixed activities. He/she learns to share and accepts ideas in group activities. He/she pull upes strong opinions of likes and dislikes.Communication and language developmentA childs vocabulary improves a lot. By this age, speech is fluent and the child is grammatically correct in using descriptive language. He/she can confidently form short sentences and uses language to pass on his/her own ideas. He/she enjoys constantly with people whom they know well.Emotional DevelopmentA child is aware of the feelings and needs of others. He/she learns to comfort others who are upset, hurt or unwell. He/she can show occasional outburst when tired, stressed or frustrated. He/she can use language to express feelings and wishes and sometimes argues with other children.AGE 5 7 YEARSSocial DevelopmentA child of this age likes to play mainly with child of same energize. A child is now aware of his/her own qualities. He/she tends to be fairly positive about him/her own skills.Physical DevelopmentBy this age, brain has developed further and is able to process information quickly. A child of this age is faster at dressing. As a result of improved co-ordination a child is more confident. By the age of 6 7 years, a child is able to sew simple stitches and ties or unties laces. All these prove that he/she has improved pincer grasp.Intellectual DevelopmentA child of this age can antitheticiate between various shapes and sizes. He/she can match symbols, letters and numbers. By the age of 6 years, magnate to write develops. He/she can read simple books, able to count up to 100. By this age, he/she understands the concept of conversation.Communication and language developmentBy this age, a child can enunciate well with strangers. He/she is very fluent by now and can use correct and descriptive language. He/she has a wide range of vocabulary and can make up his/her own story.Emotional DevelopmentA child becomes more independent and self-motivated. By this age, he/she is more sociable and friendly with others. He/she likes to play with same sex children and able to share. But, he /she need help in resolving issues. A child enjoys taking responsibility a nd helping others.AGE 7 12 YEARSSocial DevelopmentAt this age, a child starts enjoying company of other children and loves to be in a group. They are much same sex although some play activities lead support boys and girls to play together. Now he/she is less dependent on close adults for support.Physical DevelopmentA childs physical skill develops a lot and sometimes depends on his/her interests. He/she has more fine motor skills. Puberty starts for many girls from the age of 10 years and finishes by the age of 15 years and during this period their body undergoes various physical changes. For boys, this usually starts at around 13/14 years and finishes at around 16 years. A child develops hand eye co-ordination which leads to proficiency in climbing, bringning, balancing and skipping.Intellectual Development7 years onwards, most children are fluent speakers, readers and writers of their language. At this age, a child can read more complex texts and develops musical comedy com position skills. At the age of 7 12 years, a child has great reasoning ability and can apply logic to solve problems. He/she has longer attention span so he/she enjoys various board games and computer games. His/her preferences for bailiwick increase. He/she starts traffic with abstract ideas.Communication and language developmentA child becomes exaltedly verbal and enjoys making up and telling jokes. He/she has a wide range of vocabulary and can use more complex sentence structures. He/she can share ideas and feelings in more depth. He/she can share a very detailed work out of past events and anticipate the future. He/she can listen to follow and execute more complex instructions.Emotional DevelopmentA child is now aware of wider environment. He/she becomes very proud of his/her won achievements and sometimes can be very competitive. Usually, boys friendships are likely to be of group based while girls prefer closer but fewer friends.AGE 12 19 YEARSSocial DevelopmentYoung peo ple want to spend more time with each other than with their family. Individual friendship is meaning(a) for them and along with they enjoy being into a group. Sometimes, it can be seen teenage people can be strongly motivated by role models in media. They participate in teen games and enjoy group activities including clubs.Physical DevelopmentBy the age of 14/15 years, most girls have completed the process of puberty. Most girls have already started their catamenial cycle and become regular by the age of 16 years. For boys, the process of puberty has already started and for most finishes at around the age of 16 years. The body of a young people undergoes change in visual aspect because of many physical developments during this period.Intellectual DevelopmentYoung people are able to understand more complicated things in mathematical and scientific process. They extend their writing skills and can develop more creative skills and can understand other peoples point of view. They hav e a very high level of concentration. They develop logical mentation ability and may enjoy practising their new intellectual and verbal skills through debating either formally of informally.Communication and language developmentYoung people have extensive and vary vocabulary. They can use appropriate language styles, vocalises their ideas and feelings in greater depth. They can justify their own views and ideas. They enjoy more complex texts including fiction, poetry and echt books.Emotional DevelopmentAt this age, young people are very sensitive to their own feelings. Emotional maturity is constantly switching on between childish needs and adult desires. They are confident in their own skills and ideas. They have a good understanding of complex issues. Young people can chance themselves caught between their desire to remain in a group but reluctant to adopt groups values and behaviour.1.b beg eat up the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and wh y the difference is pregnantDifference between sequence of development and rate of developmentTo find the difference between sequence of development and rate of development we need to understand the basic meaning of sequence and rate. The sequence of development is a process where an event is followed one after other and achieves a level of succession with a series of changes or fruit that a process undertakes normally to improve on that process tether to a matured state. It is related to the previous events and normally improves on the process. For role model A baby goes through variant phases before he starts walking. firstborn he just kick legs with movements, learns to roll on and then he tries to sit that may take 6-7 months. After that he learns to crawl and stand and gradually learns walking holding parents custody and finally they reach the net goal i.e, they can walk independently.Rate of Development is a metre of something incomparisonwith a unit of another thin g. It is related to the development that occurs at a specify age and at a definite time. Each and all(prenominal) child has a different rate of development although they ultimately follow more or less the same ruler of rate of development.For example Some babies start walking at the age of 9 months while others may start a little late. Some babies can start making sentences at the age of 1.5 years while others can speak only a few words. But by the age of 3years, most of the children can walk independently and can speak using small simple sentences.Importance of DifferencesChildren develop at different rates. This helps to monitor and previse what children can and cant do at a particular phase in their lives. In the sequence of development one must finish with one of area of development before a move on to the next one. The rate of development is the rapidity with which a child develops. These can be the speed within each phase of development or cover all the set areas in the p hase. These principles run through all the areas of development from physical, social, intellectual and language no matter what the age of the child. If at all one is skipped or slow it can be a cause for concern. It will also help to forge effectively to checker they get the attention they need, in the areas in which they find challenging.Physicaldevelopmentfollows a definite sequence an example of this would be that a baby would have to first learn how to hold his/her own head up before they would be able to sit with just its lower back supported. While the sequences are common amongst most children what often changes is theratein which they develop the skills.It is important to recognise the difference so you can identify wherechildrenneed help or may be at risk of having a special recommendation or having a special need in or outside work.1.c Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice.Child development means the biolog ical and psychological and emotional changes that take place within an individual since birth to the end of adolescence. It would be clear to us if we discuss the theories of development presented by Montessori, Piaget and Vyogotsky.MontessoriMontessori Method of education was developed in Italy in the beforehand(predicate) 1900 by Dr Maria Montessori. The core philosophy behind the method is that every child is unique in comparison to adults and also to other children and that their laissez faire must be respected passim the educational process. Montessori was of the opinion that a childs mind is everlastingly eager to learn, explore and wants to try new things. property these in mind the activities for Montessori education was designed. It involves the education of individual senses and individual vim movements.PiagetJean Piagets view of how childrens minds work and develop has been enormously influential, particularly in educational theory. His particular insight was the ro le of maturation in childrens change magnitude capacity to understand their world. His theory is that a child cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. He proposed that childrens thinking does not develop unaccompanied smoothly. Instead, there are certain points at which it takes off and moves into completely new areas and capabilities. He proposed that childrens thinking doesnt develop entirely smoothly instead He saw these transitions as taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that before these ages children are not adequate to(p) (no matter how bright) of understanding things in certain ways, and has been use as the terms for scheduling the school curriculum.VygotskyLev Vygotskys theory is intellectual development. His theory is that children learn new skills by being guided by cares and parents. An example of this is when a parent sings to their child and helps them clap their hands until the child can clap their hands themselves. He believes that every new scene or interaction is a attainment experience to a child that he/she must be guided through until they know how to react correctly. We also give congratulations when children handle social interactions with good behaviour to prove that we are felicitous and they have behaved appropriately.He expressed that Every function in the childs pagan development appears twice first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to volunteer(prenominal) attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher(prenominal) functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. Cole Michael Vygotsky, Mind in Society the development of higher psychological processes.Vygotsky felt that development was a process and saw periods of crisis in child development during which there was a qualitative transformation in the childs psychological functioning. Carton, Aarons Vygotsky, Collected works of L S Vygotsky 5, Child Psycholgy.The EYFS (Early course Foundation Stage) is a framework for all registered providers of services for children under 5, which became statutory in September 2008. It marks the first time that practitioners from all sectors of the early childhood workforce, from the head teachers of primary schools to registered childminders and after-school play-workers, have been required to observe the same guidelines relating to the education and care of young children. The framework provides statutory guidance, not only on the ways in which development and learning are to be supported within schools and settings, but on the ways in which relationships with families are to be established in support of these goals. EYFS ensuresChildren learn through playProviders work closely through parentsParents are kept up to date on their childs pr ogressThe welfare learning and all round development of children with different backgrounds and levels of ability, including those with special educational needs and disabilitiesThe National political platform is a set of subjects and standards used byprimary and secondary schoolsto ensure that every child receives a broad and balanced education. It covers type of subjects that are taught and the standards each child should achieve in each subject. The National class had a positive impact in improving practices to teach reading, writing and maths. It also ensures lifting of the level of average achievement and updating practices to improve the efficacy. The use of the curriculum also modifys schools to prevent racism, reduce discrimination and promote pagan diversity.1.d Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern.Every child is unique and individual in nature. How ever, the growth and development of a child depends on a step by step progress that a child makes during a definite period. A developmental delay is defined when a child doesnt reach an expected developmental milestone. When a child has been detected by any kind of developmental delays, he or she can be promoted by different sorts of intervention to achieve the developmental goal. A child can be given support to develop his social, physical, intellectual, language and emotional development.Social developmentWe can always encourage a child with socially acceptable behaviour. We could appreciate a child when he is taking turns while playing with others. Children should be encouraged to occasion in a team game/sports. Sometimes a child takes time to do things independently. Being an adult, we must be patient with them. share books, stories, puppets with children helps them to understand ideas of different situations and also how to deal with them.Physical developmentChildren need opp ortunities for both indoor and outdoor activities to develop their physical skills. A child enjoys exploring and experiment, so that they should be encouraged to be explored and helping them to play with or without their play apparatus. We can help a child to become independent. A child can be encouraged for doing his/her everyday routines like using a spoon, getting dressed, dealing with fastening the shoe laces. While dealing with a child in indoors or outdoors we dungeon in our mind about a childs safety by checking the equipment the child is playing with and supervising the child whether he is using the equipment in a proper way.Intellectual developmentCognitive and intellectual development plays important roles in a childs development. It is an adults responsibility to increase the childs curiosity by promoting the different sorts of books, games, posters, play equipments and toys.Children enjoy going for an outing. They learn a lot from the environment. We can encourage them by answering the questions. A little unsure or unconfident child can gain confidence from verbal prompts or encouragement. in like manner much complex activities sometimes put a child off due to the frustration of not being able to do the activities. So it is always helpful for the children to do with the activities which they enjoy. Sometimes, repetition of games/activities helps them to discover different aspects of the activities. Childs intellectual skills can be developed by playing memory games with them. We can increase their concentration by presenting activities, games and stories in an interesting way. A child can always be encouraged to use their senses to experiment with different materials. wording developmentA child learns or develops his language by listening to an adult. When a child listens or whenever he is being talked he improves his language skills. A child can be talked about anything and everything. It is always advisable to use a simple sentence while talk to an infant. Sometimes, repetition is required to reinforce unknown or new vocabulary. sharing books, stories and exchanging ideas also help to develop language skills.Emotional development value and encouragement always help to build self-confidence and to focus a child into which he/she is good at. Sharing resources, helping others and contributing ideas increase an interest in the pupils efforts and achievements.1.e Analyse the importance of early identification of speech, language and communication delays and disorders and the potential risks of late recognition.Importance of early identificationSpeech, language and communication play a vital role in all our lives. We begin our communication development skills from birth. Speech, language and communication allow us to be social. Some children may have some speech, language and communication delays and disorders which can affect their personal, social and academic life. Sometimes some children worst their speech and language problem by the time they enter school and some will not be able to do so. Hence, it is important to identify those children who will find it demanding to overcome language or speech problem. An adult acts as a facilitator by providing appropriate activities and experiences to enable children to develop their speech ,language and communication skills in meaningful situation A child can quickly fall behind if speech and language learning is delayed. Sometime, the problem can be very severe, when an individual cannot communicate at all without alternative or augmentative communication such(prenominal) as signs or communication aids. Early identification of speech, language and communication delay is extremely important as the chances to alleviate these problems and improving these skills are greater. Early identification helps children to conquer their communication difficulty, language and speech delays with the assistance. electric potential risksThe potential risk for late recognit ion of speech, language and communication is childs learning and development will suffer, which may affect their behaviour when they are not understood. If these delays are not identified the delay will continue and the child may suffer from lack of confidence, less able to manage their thoughts and will more than likely experience emotional problems. Other aspects of development will also be affected, e.g. cognitive, social, emotional and behavioural.They may struggle to keep up their views and ideas and will have trouble getting others to understand what they are toilsome to communicate. Many children with communication problems will go on to develop mental illness if untreated. Often underlying health and medical conditions go neglected and undiagnosed in children with communication problems. They would also struggle to understand what they are being told or asked them in a learning environment which may lead the child to a negative effect on their self esteem and confidence. A child will also find it difficult to form a relationship with other children and will then feel angry and could lead to behavioural problems and isolation.1.f Explain how play and activities are used to support the development of speech, language and communication. mulct and activities are important throughout our life. These help a child to develop speech, language and communication skills.Play and activity encourages children to communicate and thus to practice and develop their language and communication skills. They will need to communicate with their playmates and others, so that creates a situation where they can practice and develop their language skills. In the end, it is practice that allows for the development of language skills and activity is a good way to encourage that practice.Speech language and communication play a crucial role in childrens development. Language helps an individual to express thoughts, ideas feelings emotions and information. Children can communica te through actions and gestures as well as through language. Children through their play and structured activities can communicate through verbal and nonverbal interactions. Play and activity contributes and supports childs learning .It helps them to learn discipline. Play activities enable child to impose some structure or organisation on a task, make sense of their experiences.During play children flux many skills such as movement, thinking, attention, seeing, listening and, of course, communicating. It follows that children with a difficulty in one or more of these skills can be helped to progress through play.Children are always using toys in different ways than we would expect boxes can become cars to drive in to distant lands, the sand tray becomes a desert and absolutely anything can be used as a gun or a cricket bat apparently It would be helpful for the children if we do not try to limit the toys uses as children can learn so much during role-play working and playing wit h others, different language, turn taking, problem solving, and feelings for others, decision making, knowledge exchange between their friends or grownups.When a child is encouraged with different kinds of activities it helps them to express themselves, and feels confident enough using different materials, such as paint brush or a pencil and helps them to experiment with different playing equipments which may also help to bloom up their personality. For instance using of paint brush encourages the child to use fingers, thumbs, hands and feet to do paint printing and brings in them some innovative ideas. When a child is participating in a musical activity by singing, dancing, clapping and playing instruments he or she is develop a sense of music along with that they are coor

Impact of Management and Leadership styles

blow of Management and contri just noweing geniussManagers argon whodo things rightand attr pieceors be whodo the right thingThe gen sequencel concept according to my discernment from various literature reviews be that Leaders leads sight and film directors manage each things in administration, further to a greater extent(prenominal) to my concepts the important point is that drawing cards atomic go 18 the pack who bring alternates in organic laws and jitneys may be considered as tidy sum who oblige the day to day organisational activities.The of import point in this task 1, to exc office the link mingled with Leadership and counsel of an organisation, here I am elaborating leaders and counseling of Martin McColl, this organisation having approximately 1,000 break throughlets and 50,000 employees across United Kingdom, the main emphasis of the beau monde is on Books, Cards, Magazines, Confectionary, Toys and Drinks etc.Link between strategic commissio n and leadingOrders which atomic number 18 die outed down from leader and the managers business organisation office is to pass influences down the chain of commandA leader is draw as someone who has the capacity to create a deal, and to translate it into action and swear it (Bennis, 1989), this statement can also be justified as in that location atomic number 18 differences between commission and leaders, although function eithery they can be unite in the same single(a) (John Kotter, 1990).Leadership without Easy Answers by Ronald A. Heifetz, gibe to In business, we see an evolution of the concept of lead. For decades, the term lead referred to the multitude who hold top management sends and the functions they serve. In our common usage, it still does. Recently, however, business people meet drawn a distinction between leaders and management, and exercising leaders has also come to mean providing a visual sensation and influencing others to realize it through non-coercive means.Roosevelt opines somewhat link between leaders and managers that quite a little ask the difference between a leader and a boss, the leader work ats in the open, and the boss in secret. The leader leads and the boss drive.This state review explains the relationship between leaders and managers that they do on their power within the organization, they work together to fall upon the goals of organization.Leaders think roughly goals and are active instead of reactive in shaping ideas. Managers act to limit choices.Leaders develop fresh sexual climaxes to long-standing problems and open cut offs to unseasoned options. A manager is a problem solver- what problems book to be solved and what are the retire up slipway to achieve results?Link between leaders and management has strong impact in organization.ManagersManagers administer.Follow the established course.Ensure that people do things.Ensure that people do things pause.LeadershipLeaders innovate. dem o the course that managers follow.Ensure that people want to do things.Ensure that people do the right things.Ensure that people do better things. semen international business-society management by Tulder, Zwart. employment in McCollAs I explained the literature review above, I am evaluating these literatures with the inspection and repair of Martin McColl example.Martin McColl under the Steve Leadership management is really successful. at that place is a strong link between leader and management. Leader and managers keeps link through video conferences, mails and telephone. Meetings for internal discussions are kept to a set of guidelines intended to maximize intersectionivity, and minimize cost, to achieve a result. Focus is on external parameters, accompanimently the customer and the chassis of the company. Priority in Martin is given everlastingly to application that enhances the customer pick up, improves energy or profits revenue and lucrativeness. There is an enorm ous level of mutual applaud built between the leadership group and the teams. spate are withdrawly do, and be intimateed for their doing based upon their motivational modality. It is important to re segment here, that not everyone is proceedd by a monetary reward, or a standard trophy. A Truly Great Leader understands this, and uses to their improvement.On 28 Nov 2010 major one C fall hits Scotland. There were problems with galore(postnominal) routes. Managers must come on clock thats managers responsibility. On the day of lead by the nose martin McColl managers came on beat in all branches while travel was very difficult collect to the heavy snow plainly all managers reached on time and cast off done their work because it was not slow for anyone to come out house. So that was a slap-up achievement under the best leadership.Managers are also leaders. Link between leaders and management has strong impact in conclusiveness make in organization and this impact eff ect in every carry and every area in McColl such as finance, marketing, policies.Impact of management and leadership dah on Strategic DecisionDecisions are at the heart of leader success, and at times there are diminutive moments when they can be difficultOrganizations all over the world are deeply concerned with arrest, searching and developing leadership. Regardless of the type of organization, leadership is discerned to play a vital component part in establishing high execute teams. Leaders are facing greater challenges than ever before due to the increase environmental complexity and the changing nature of the organization. The up-to-the-minute era not only demands having a competitive edge and substantiateed profit might but also the maintenance of ethical standards, complying with civic allegiances and establishing a unspoiled and equitable work environment. Leadership is one of the critical elements in enhancing organisational performance. Being responsible for the development and execution of strategic organisational determinations, leaders have to acquire, develop and deploy organizational resources optimally in order to bring out the best productions and services in the best lodge in of s overhearholders. In short, effective leadership is the main cause of competitive advantage for any kind of organization (Zhu et al., 2005 Avolio, 1999 Lado et al., 1992 Rowe, 2001)De changed social organisationIn Martin McColl ascendant leadership style portrays that manager retains as much indicator and decision make authority as possible. These leadership styles utilize different sources of power and impact differently on the levels and extent to which staff consider them as making a contribution to organizational decision making. Both the step and extent of staff participation in decision-making tends to wane. Each store ofMcCollhas a store manager who can make current decisions concerning their store. The store manager is responsible to a regi onal manager senior managers have time to concentrate on the most important decisions.Collaboration with group membersMartin McColl leader makes decisions in collaboration with group members, often using majority rules or similar social decision schemes, whereas a consultative leader makes decisions, after talking with group members about their opinions.EmpowermentMcColl managers tend to be more(prenominal) rivet on productivity targets and achievement of objectives. Their power is based on their ability to achieve targets, often as a result of warm decisions. Decision making is a form of empowerment. In McColl stores Empowerment is increase motivation and therefore means that staff output increases.Knowledge skillsPeople lower down the chain have a greater discretion of the environment they work in and the people (customers and colleagues) that they interact with. This knowledge skills and experience may enable them to make more effective decisions than senior managers. scurry ing ChangesParticipative styles in McColl enabling departments and their employees to respond readyer to changes and new challenges. Whereas it may take senior managers longer to appreciate that business needs have changed.1.2 utilisation in Martin McCollMartin McColl is UK based corporate company. Martin McColl has a democratic leadership where subordinates contract in decision-making. Company has a board of directors and Steve is a head of directors. It is seen that Martin has sniffy systems in which their people work as directed.Merger and acquisition continue in martin McColl. In 1998 Forbuoys acquired Martin Retail Group which was before RS McColl. In 1999 company launch new convenience concept McColls. In 2004 the company acquired Dillon stores. In 2005 company changed its name to Martin McColl Retail Group and now martin is the UKs leading dwell retailing group.These changes allow leaders and managers to makes correct decisions which give the strength to business. Thes e changes brought many changes such as stinting condition been changed, development changed, competition increased this changes brought new markets ilk stationery stores, specialist card shops. Furthermore supermarkets like Tesco and Sainsburys were selling everything that Martin did. So there was a grownup competition.Knowledge manduction and strong communication always been there so the outline of Martin was focus on its incumbrance activities and increase, astir(p) buying power sell higher(prenominal) margin items and makes their with sales of newer lines. Company have a wide motley of roles at two head offices in Scotland and Brentwood. Here company centralise core business divisions including Central Retail Operations, Trading, Marketing, Finance, Supply Chain, Business scheme etc.In all these above cases, management and leaders satisfyed that changes were occurred and react actively. And in all these cases, they responded only when the competition persuasivenessd t hem to do so. demonstrationIn making decision, consider the fit between leadership style and the characteristics of organization. Even more important, remember that things change. Look for flexibility. The very best leaders are those who have learned how to shift from one leadership style to another as circumstances demand. If one candidate shows attest of being able to move smoothly among several of these styles, that may upper side the balance.1.3 Leadership style adaptation to different stakeLeadership style is the typical approach of a particular person used to lead people.Management theorists try to discover one best leadership style for all situations. Researchers say that there are internal and external environments that have significant impact on leader effectiveness. For example in extra external opportunities leaders are constrained by competition, legislation, technology, changing markets and hold resources when making strategic decisions. Fiedler (1967), who conduct ed extensive research on the situational aspects of leadership effectiveness, set factors that determine what style of leader per organise best. He examined correlations between test pull ahead of leaders and their performance related to situational factors. The relations-motivated leader performs best where the leader position is not strong. Task-motivated leaders perform best when the leader-member relations are good and the leader power position is strong. The latter category represents unworthy member relations and a weak leader who is attempting to deal with a poor situation. Because that situation is unfavourable, Fiedlers model would require a task-oriented leader to keep the situation from travel apart. An obvious alternative would be to replace the leader.To deal with the issue of matching style to the situation, Vroom and Yetton (1973) developed an approach that deals with leader-subordinate interaction. He know that an effective style depended on situational variable s including the leaders expertise, the task structure, and the employees willingness to accept a solution. They found that the key elements in sharing of leader power are the maximization of proficient effectiveness and subordinate motivation or acceptance. If expert effectiveness is not crucial and motivation and acceptance are not important, the decisions are made by the leader alone. On the other hand, if the skilful difficulties are important but motivation is low, the leader attempts to obtain more information. When technical effectiveness is unimportant but motivation and acceptance are high, delegation becomes a useful approach. Finally, if the problem is high on the technical level and there is a need for acceptance, because the decision is overlap with the group.The situational determinants of leadership show that there is frequently, but not necessarily optimally, a consistency in the behaviour of a leader when he or she performs in different situations.As the organiz ation grows, team mental synthesis and the alternate of ideas become more important. Involvement tactics are used more frequently. Now the organizational units are formed and the biggest question is how the work should be divided. This requires negotiation. Once the company is into production, tasks are more routine, but time is critical. This calls for more committee. Throughout, indirection, enlistment, redirection, and repudiation may be used. The tactics and when to use them are summarized in Table 2.According to Daniel Goleman six styles of leading have different ad hominem effects on the emotions of the target coadjutors and each style appropriately as the circumstances. Which areVisionary leader, Coaching leader, Democratic leader, Affiliative leader, Pace- scope leader, Commanding leader.As Goleman provides a good framework of leadership styles so I can say that its absolutely true that no leader always leads in a particular style but adapts to situations.Few styles are there including Goleman styles, these styles are generally the most effective. Attached table 1.There are v basis of power Coercive power, Reward power, Expert power, legitimate power, and denotive power. These phoebe bird bases of power introduced by French and Raven in 1959. Among the five bases of power there are three bases in which the Steve leadership is founded. These are legitimate power, expert power and referent power. Through his position he is able to lead the companys people. His experience in the company makes him very conditioned of the company and its customers. He motivates people and constantly empowers them. He is also charismatic.Example of Martin McCollEmployee RelationshipAs a participating leadership in the yesteryear few years Martin performance and profitability have been transformed by employee engagement which show a clear alter engagement and improving performance of employee. Martin engaged employees indicate they have a good soul of how to meet customer needs.Individual employees in companies with strong engagement strategies described to us how their workings lives have been transformed for the better.Customer focused strategyMartin leaders have vision thats why they set objectives of company and have customer retention strategy for this they having promotional sale and delivering newspaper. Martin McColl customers are beaten(prenominal) with what newspapers and magazines in their local store and know the prices they normally paid. As a result, Martin delivering ordered newspapers at their home. Early experiments in began and, by the end of 2008, Martin was making 200 deliveries a week in an area a very small beginning.Ethical behaviourMcColl leadership thinking ethically and behaving ethically in UK thats why they are taking responsible decisions. They reduced to use of plastic bags. Martin corporate social responsibility is concerned with the ways in which an organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholde rs specified through regulation and corporate governance. Martin negotiating better promotional prices from suppliers that small individual chains are unable to match. The product and service development processes of the martin have been substantially re-engineered, to facilitate better management of product lifecycles and more efficient delivery of wide ranges of products to customers. Product activity has focused on enhancing core ranges and introducing quality products. Martins innovative ways of improving the customer shopping experience, as well as its efforts to branch out into finance and insurance have also capitalized on strong discolouration reputationFinancial EnvironmentUnder great leadership a strong financial performance has been shown by the company over the years, which underlines its strategic capabilities. According to Data monitor (2010), Martin is a 30billion turnover company record an increase of 14.9% when compared to 2008. The foremost strategy that has bee n adopted by the company is the product and services customization in accordance with the market demands. The efficiency in performance of the company over the last decade can be summarised with the booster of growth in following key indicators (Fame, 2010)DiversityIn the last(prenominal), Martin approach to emerging markets has tended to be almost exclusively from their own perspective, seeing them exactly as markets, with little real empathy for the new customers needs and desires.One of the big problems is that the vast majority of senior managers in corporations come from the home county but Martin Company and their leaders always ready to cope with such novelty at top executive level.Environmental factorsIn environmentally as Martin entered into more and more partnerships or joint ventures many of which are formed with companies from different assimilations. So leaders who are able to create and sustain such relationships give their company a valuable collaborative advant age.In my view, this relationship approach to business represents a major challenge to Martin. By senior executives Martin establishing good personal relationships in which trust and mutual understanding can develop.Corporate cultureFounding VisionCompany ways of doing thingsValues systemLEADERSHIP STYLESDifferent SituationsEmployees relationshipCustomer focusedProductionFinancial EnvironmentDiversityEnvironmental factorsA good understanding of situation trains leaders to change their style, like a number one wood changes gear in a car.Martins success had come, despite many siren voices, from persevering with its original model, and Bradley, the companys head operating ofcer, puts that down to the personal financing of Windsor, Martins low-key chief executive. One solidly based on experience, trust, and judgment.ConclusionDynamic changing situations require different leader behaviours. These behaviours can take the form of patterns of behaviours termed leadership style, or leade rship tactics. Selecting leaders with different leadership styles is inefficient. It is far more effective to select flexible leaders who have the capability of using different tactics under different conditions. patch the leaders may occasionally learn to change their styles to suit the circumstances, leadership styles are likely to remain fairly stable overall. Therefore, a certain style affects the leaders/managers managerial decisions over extended periods, with a particular style being more effective under a circumstantial set of circumstance.2.1 Impact of Theories on organizational strategyWhen we think about management and leadership, the image comes in our headspring that these are powerful slashing individual who commands people.Yesterday principles and theories are contemporary and sophisticated. Some overlap and gaps occurs. accredited theories fill these gaps and after to study that people are dealing to current situation.There are many theories of management and le adership, these are defined asBehavioural possibleness, Contingency theory, Functional theory, Great man theory, Situational theory, Trait theory, Transactional theory, Transformational theory.major(ip) models and approaches areAdaptive leadership and appreciative leadershipMany leaders and managers have his or her own style. Some common styles areAutocratic, Bureaucratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire.There is a difference between theories and leadership models that leadership theory is an comment of some aspect of leadership, these are used to better understand and insure successful leadership and leadership model is an example for use in a given situation.Each one has strengths and weaknesses, and each one has its appropriate uses.Here I am selected two current management and leadership theories which are Transactional leadership and Transformational Leadership. Transactional and transformational leadership has been of great matter to to many researchers in the current era. A dopting either transformational and transactional leadership behaviour helps in the success of the organization (Laohavichien et al., 2009). This might be the reason that different authors of the recent past considered transactional and transformational leadership as predicating variables and investigated their relatedness with other criterion variables. Both transformational leadership and transactional leadership help in predicting subordinates satisfaction with their leaders (Bennett, 2009)Transformational LeadershipTransformational leadership theory has captured the interest of many researchers in the field of organizational leadership over the past three decades. This theory was developed by Burns (1978) and later compound by Bass (1985, 1998) and others (Avolio Bass, 1988 Bass Avolio, 1994 Bennis Nanus, 1985 Tichy Devanna, 1986). The major premise of the transformational leadership theory is the leaders ability to motivate the coadjutor to accomplish more than what the f ollower planned to accomplish (Krishnan, 2005). Transformational leadership has four components idealized influence, sacred motivation, quick-witted stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1985). Burns postulated that transformational leaders inspire followers to accomplish more by concentrating on the followers values and helping the follower align these values with the values of the organization. Research has also shown that transformational leadership impacts employee commitment to organizational change (Yu, Leithwood, Jantzi, 2002) and organizational conditions (Lam, Wei, Pan, Chan, 2002). Due to its impact on organizational outcomes, transformational leadership is needed in all organizations (Tucker Russell, 2004). Transformational leadership identifying and developing core values and unifying purpose, developing leadership and effective followership, utilizing interaction-focused organizational design, and building interconnectedness (Hickman, 1997, p. 2). Tr ansformational leaders work to bring about human and economic transformation. Within the organization they generate visions, missions, goals, and a culture that contributes to the ability of individuals, groups, and the organization to practice its values and serve its purpose (Hickman, 1997, p. 9). These leaders are honest leaders who generate commitment from followers which results in a feel of shared purpose (Waddock Post, 1991). The leaders ability to inspire, motivate, and foster commitment to a shared purpose is crucial (Bass, Waldman et al., 1987). According to Bass and Avolio, transformational leaders endanger behaviours associated with five transformational styles wich are attached in table 4.Organizational cultureAccording to Schein (1985, 1995), the leaders beliefs, values, and assumptions shape the culture of the organization and these beliefs, values, and assumptions are indeed taught to other members of the organization. Schein also stated that leaders have the po wer to graft organizational culture through various methods such as mentoring, role modeling, and teaching. Bass and Avolio (1993).Organizational VisionTransformational leadership has four components idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1985) which involves motivating people, establishing a institution for leadership authority and integrity, and inspiring a shared vision of the future (Tracey Hinkin, 1998). consider influence and inspirational motivation are connected with the leaders ability to formulate and articulate a shared vision (Dionne, Yammarino, Atwater, Spangler, 2004).Transformational leadership creates a desire for people to work as a team, in an sweet and non-threatening culture, yet always with an expectation of excellence. It creates a How To approach to problem resolve and development of new concepts, it allows for early warnings of imminent threats and weaknesses in the organization and powerfully encourages celebration of strengths and aggressive pursuit of suitably qualified opportunities. Transformational Leadership is exhibit from the highest level in the organization, and rewarded all the way through the management layers. It is charismatic, perfervid and inspirational and attracts the very best candidates for available roles. Everyone in the organization understandably understands the culture, goals and expectations of the organization.Transactional LeadershipTransactional leadership is cantered on leader follower exchanges. Followers perform according to the will and direction of the leaders and leaders affirmatively reward the efforts. The baseline is reward which can be negative like punitory action, if followers run out to comply with or it can be positive like praise and recognition, if subordinates comply with the intent and direction settled by a leader and achieve the given objectives. Four core facets of transactional leadership as described by Schermerhorn et al., (2000) are contingent rewards, active management by exception, and passive management by exception.Example of flier render and Steve Jobs Leadership Styles nozzle Gates is a businessman, and chairman of Microsoft, the soft knock off company he founded with Paul Allen. Gates is one of the best known entrepreneurs of personal computer revolution.Steve jobs business magnate and inventor. He is well-known for being the co-founder and chief executive officer of orchard apple tree. Both have Transformational leadership style but both(prenominal) transformation styles have different impact on business in same industry.Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Leadership styleBill Gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinate in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed he bring professional manager for managing and well structure of the organization? Gates is a strong and energising person his enthusiasm, hardworkingnature, judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. On the other hand, Steve Jobs leadership is autocratic style, because he centralizes the authority, he never given a chance to subordinate to involving decision making. He thinks that whatever he do is right. Hisrelation with employees not good, he fails to motivate his employees in many times. Sometimes he acts as anti-Gates, and sometimes implore Microsoft to develop software for his computer.His cocky attitude and lack of management skills became a threat of APPLES success.Bill Gates and Steve Jobs both gave their heart souls to developing their vision to develop personal computer,but the way they choose was different from other. Bill gates develop computer language new Altair 8080 pc which became the foundation of Microsoft. Bill continuously develops two other computer languages. Whe n IBM develops their first pc and which need operating system to run the computer,Microsoft develops MS-DOS for IBM.Gates adopting the changes very fast that are his enthusiasm vision and hardworking give him the success. Gates always recognized him as a visionary he always recognize professional management, he decentralize authority to make organization structure better.On the other hand Steve Jobs started apple computer which is hard ware making company. His vision to develop computer with affordable cost and easy to use. When Bill offer the basic to jobs then he rejected jobs suggestion and try to develop their own basic without knowledge of programming, he fail and accept license with Microsoft basic. Jobs play duel personality sometimes he oppose Microsoft sometimes request Microsoft to develop software for their operating system. Jobs force people to choose between Microsoft-IBM operating system and his MAC-operating system. Lack of straitlaced management skills and relation with employees became a barrier of APPLEs growth.Impact of Management and leadership theories on organizational strategy.With the success of windows, Office Application and Internet explorer Microsoft became a house hold name and Bill gates became as business genius. Bill Gates adopting the changes very fast his innovative mind all time busy to developing products. Recent Microsoft develops a number of products like smartphone with loaded Microsoft window.On the other hand APPLE goes defame direction in 1990s. Because Steve Jobs is very slow to adopting changes thats the main reason falling the market share. When Jobs realize changes is the only way to survive the market then apple develops innovative iMac which is internet friendly stylist computer.After sometime Apple gains market. With the iPhone,Apple TV,and name charges job co are setting a new course for the outfitonce knows only for its computer.The new name and device represent APPLEs strategic shift away from itsorigins as a personal computing company that has at point struggled both survive and to set the computing worlds agenda.2.2 Leadership strategy that supports organizational directionTransformational leaders also help in the acceptance of organizational change (Bommer et al., 2004) Transactional leadership style provides high satisfaction and organizational identification. (Wu, 2009 Epitropaki and Martin, 2005). Transformational and transactional leadership strategy support organizational direction in term of efficiency, reliability, innovation and adaptation, turnround leadership etc.EfficiencyIn apple company Transformational leadership more effective at creating and sharing knowledge at the individual and group levels, while transactional leadership is more effective at exploiting knowledge at the organizational level.ReliabilityComputers are an important investment and in todays economy, more than ever, its important for consumers to know the reliability of the product they are purchasi ng. Applereliabilityreport, Rescuecom revealed that Apple suckerd the highest with 700 points, with Panasonic following in on its footsteps with a score of 489. In a descending manner, Lenovo, Toshiba, and HP were listed with scores cumulating 393, 299, and 184 points, respectively.Innovation