Rat trap boat evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rat trap boat evaluation - Essay Example Our initial focus will be to discuss the evaluation plan for the construction of the rat trap boat. The evaluation plan will cover the following areas: background, purpose, limitations, questions, methods, instrumentation, time line, and budget. The assignment for the creation of said rat trap boat was initially given in an Engineering and Construction course. The purpose of this project is to create a moving water vehicle that is powered only by the energy stored in the spring from a mouse trap. The following limitations will be set in place: a standard mousetrap, the spring on the mousetrap will be the sole power source, the spring on the mousetrap will be cut and bent, but no heat-treated or chemically alteration will occur, the maximum length of the boat will be 18’ (this does not include the lever arm), all materials used will be non-hazardous, and the vehicle will be self-starting and steer itself. In an attempt to answer these questions the following methodology will be used to create a rat trap boat. First I will cut the balsa wood into a ten inch by five inch rectangle. Then I will cut one end into a point, making a boat shape. I will then cut a four inch by two and a half inch notch into the other end. Next, I will make four three inch by one and a half inch rectangles out of the balsa wood for paddles. I will then cut the dowel down to six inches. I will then hot glue the paddles to the dowel, making sure they are centered and evenly spaced. I will then allow paddles to cool completely. The next major step will be to wrap wire around the dowel on one side of the paddle and twist with a wire cutter. I will then trim it to about one fourth of an inch to make an axle pin. Now it is time to attach a one inch wire in a loop to one side of the back of the boat shape by hot-gluing one end to the top of the wood and the other to the bottom. I will then slide the end of the dowel through the loop and attach the second one inch wire to the other side, around the dowel. It is now important to place the mousetrap on top of the boat shape on the same side as the axle pin. I will then hot glue the mousetrap in place. Then I will tie string to the axle pin and turn the dowel until I have about two feet of string wrapped around it. I will then tie the end of the string to the â€Å"jaw† of the mousetrap securely. I will then set the trap and tighten the string around the dowel. The final step will be to place the boat into the water and release the trap. The jaw should slowly begin to close, pulling the string and causing

Reconstruction in the South Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction in the South Essay Reconstruction is the Federal Governments plan(s) to abolish slavery, change the way of life in the South, and to bring the nation back together after the devastating effects of the Civil War. Many Government plans were brought up but never fell through. Likewise, Presidents over the years, after the Civil War, had also brought their own Reconstruction plans to the nation. Several good things came from each plan but not one individual plan had drastically changed America on its own. Although Lincoln and his 10% plan would have reshaped the nation and connected the broken line between the North and South, however, it had never taken action because of Lincoln’s assassination on April 14, 1865. However, Reconstruction created many new social changes to the nation. Civil Rights had been shaped over many years; the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments were passed giving African Americans the right to vote, and the Freedmen’s Bureau was established. Reconstruction was a long and rough time for the government and the people. Our Nation had never before needed to recover from such a tremendous loss from something like the Civil War. Reconstruction had failed in several ways. Slavery had still been practiced in the south under different titles of work, ways of life in the south had remained the same, and Redeemers made sure blacks were not represented in government. Before this particular Reconstruction plan was brought up it had been thought a bout for awhile by a group of Radical Republicans who created the Radical Republicans’ Plan. These Radicals wanted to spark the necessity to take action on the problems occurring in the South. The plan had consisted of three major ideas; â€Å"these ideas were based off of revenge, concern for the freedmen, and political concerns† (Travel and History par. 1). One of the ways that these Radicals wanted revenge was by â€Å"punishing the South for causing the war† (Travel and History par. 1). They also felt that â€Å"Southern states had to apply for readmission back into the Union and were required to submit state constitutions that ratified the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments (Ohio History Central par. 11). Also when Ulysses S. Grant took office he â€Å"kept soldiers in the former Confederacy for the duty of protecting African Americans from the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups (Ohio History Central par. 11). These Radicals felt that â€Å"the federal government had a role to play in the transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom† (Travel and History par. 1). They believed that the government needed to aid former slaves into getting good work and treated fairly. Also, many members â€Å"wanted to keep the Republicans Party in power in both the North and the South† (Travel and History par. 1). This way only Republican ideas would be brought up and many Republican based laws would be passed. This is the general idea for the Radical Republicans’ plan and would not be brought up again until Ulysses S. Grant is elected into the Presidency. The former Civil War, Union General, Ulysses S. Grant was elected into office in 1868. President Grant did not take much care in his Presidency campaign because he did not care if he had won or lost. Thus, Grant did not have his own plan for the problems of Reconstruction. However, Grant was a Republican and â€Å"favored the Radical Republicans’ Plan,† (Ohio History Central par. 11) so most of what he tried to accomplish was based on these views. When Grant won his election many republicans realized that he had won by a small margin of votes. Looking deeper they noticed that â€Å"roughly 450,000 African Americans had voted Republican and the majority of whites in the South voted Democrat† (Davidson J. p. 348). Republicans in office realized that an amendment must be created to protect black voting rights so the African American population would co ntinue to vote Republican. The Fifteenth Amendment was created in 1869 and was ratified in 1870; â€Å"this forbade any state to deny any man the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (Davidson J. p. 348). However, many states found loopholes to this amendment by issuing literacy tests, poll taxes, and property requirements for voting. Mainly this counted out most of the African American voting population. Although he his mostly known for his scandals, Grant had many other significant highlights during his time as President that greatly contributed to Reconstruction in the South. During his time in office, â€Å"Grant signed a series of Reconstruction related ‘Enforcement Acts’† (Simpson B. par. 6). The main effect these laws had was they â€Å"completely denied states to deny any man the right to vote† (Simpson B. par. 6). He had also signed the Ku Klux Klan act which banned the â€Å"illegal intimidation† of blacks where states were unwilling or unable to provide protection, and for private parties to conspire to violate civil rights. Violation of this law was a federal crime. Before Grant had left office, â€Å"In 1875 he signed last major piece of Civil Rights legislation until 1964† (Simpson B. par. 6). In 1877, Grant had completed his final term as President. Several years later Grant had been slipping deeper and deeper into debt from family troubles. He started to write his memoirs and later had attracted cancer. After he had finished his memoirs he had died in 1897, from the cancer he had acquired. Luckily his writings had sold more than enough copies to provide and settle his family’s debt. Reconstruction had ended in 1877, and many of Grant’s accomplishments had changed society in the South and for the future. Bibliography Davidson, James W., and Brian DeLay. U.S. A Narrative History. 1st ed. Vol. 2. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009. Print . Foner, Eric. Reconstruction Americas unfinished revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper Row, 1988. Print . Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan. Travel and History. Web. 11 Sept. 2009. . Reconstruction Ohio History Central A product of the Ohio Historical Society. Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History Ohio Historical Society. Web. 1 Sept. 2009. . Simpson, Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Teaching American History in Maryland Documents for the Classroom Maryland State Archives. Web. 14 Sept. 2009. .

Artificial Fish: AUVs Designed to Model Animals :: Autonomous Undersea Vehicles Fish Essays

Artificial Fish: AUVs Designed to Model Animals Humans venture beneath the ocean's surface to collect resources, conduct research, engage in warfare, and perform countless other tasks. The need for increasingly specialized technology to accomplish these tasks has prompted the development of many different designs of submersibles, varying from manned nuclear submarines to Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) dragged behind surface ships, to untethered Autonomous Undersea Vehicles (AUVs) (Blidberg 1). This last design, the AUV, has received special attention in recent years as humans explore greater and greater depths. As its name suggests, the AUV functions independently, without intervention from a human operator. It carries its own power source (traditionally a battery), and receives all its commands from an onboard computer, thus involving some degree of artificial intelligence. This computer serves to direct the robotic submersible in performing a pre-defined task. Because its movement is not restricted by a cable connec ting it to a mother ship, the AUV is ideal for operating in hazardous areas and at great depths. Current and proposed activities for AUVs include undersea exploration, scientific sampling of physical oceanic conditions (such as salinity level and temperature), laying and inspection of gas lines and cables, searching for downed aircraft, and mine reconnaissance (Canfield, Hylands). A key aspect of common AUV design, however, prevents this list of activities from expanding and limit the current potential of AUV performance. Due to the inefficiency of propulsion and power systems, AUVs are highly unstable in any turbulent water, are limited to short missions, can carry only small payloads, and have little maneuvering control at low speeds (MIT, Canfield). In the most unfavorable of conditions, AUVs may not even be able to reach their intended destinations while traveling at slow speeds, despite the use of slow speed guidance systems (Healey 335). Small rotary propellers plagued with low efficiency and lagged response times typically power AUVs (MIT). Furthermore, batteries often require 70% of the hull space (MIT). Closely tied to efficiency of propulsion systems is the hydrodynamic shape of the submersible's hull. While hull designs have improved over time, they do not compare to the hydrodynamic efficiency of fish and aquatic mammal shapes. As Jeff Walker, a biology professor at the University of Southern Maine, stated, "It's a lofty goal for a human-made vehicle to achieve the performance of a fish" (qtd.

Two Halves of the Same Song

Two Halves of the Same Song â€Å"My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America† (526). This is the first sentence in â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan spoken by the narrator’s point of view, Jing-mei, the daughter. The story was a direct reflection of love vs. rebellion with the mother and the daughter, presented in a humorous almost sounding sarcastic tone to show the two kinds of people in the story; the one the mother thought the daughter should be and the one the daughter thought she should be, and in the end they realized that that was the same person. The story begins by giving humor to some of the mothers beliefs as if they were silly; such as in America a person is unlimited to what they could be even if that is to be famous or simply a homeowner, To understand what the mother meant you would have to know a little about her background and where she came from. She was from China where women didn’t have very many options on what their role in life could be, so for her daughter she felt that there were endless possibilities. Her mother in my eyes was more of what we like to call â€Å"stage moms†. She hoped for her daughter to be the best at something, anything instead of nothing at all, so she came across pushy verses loving. One would think that these were the mothers dreams trying to be fulfilled through the daughter. Jing-mei started to feel like she had to be someone she wasn’t in order to make her mother proud. She said â€Å"I was filled with a sense that I would soon be perfect. My mother and father would adore me† (527). Apparently she felt like if she wasn’t great at something they wouldn’t love her. The narrator makes it seem like it was the mother all along who wanted the daughter to be something she wasn’t, but at one point the daughter wanted to succeed just as much as much as her mother did, but the fear of failure and rejection stopped her. Next came the piano lessons. The idea of Jing-mei playing the piano was odd, because her mother was watching an American TV show and saw a young Chinese girl playing. â€Å"Ni-Kan† her mother would say which meant, you watch, and then made her practice the piano day after day to become better than the Chinese girl on TV. After this point the daughter rebels against the mother trying to fail to prove that this is who she was, â€Å"ordinary†. If she didn’t try at anything she couldn’t fail. The daughter didn’t realize how proud her mother was of her just for trying. In the earlier days when you were born you were born into a certain class, and that class defined who you could become in life whether it be a king, farmer, merchant, or a blacksmith. In this story the situation seems very similar. Why would Jing-mei want to be famous or talented when her mother was merely a house cleaner? Maybe she was content with the life she was born into and didn’t feel as if she needed to be talented to be happy. Her mother put her in a recital bragging to her friends how Jing-mei loved to play the piano. This was her opportunity to show her mother who she was and it wasn’t the person she wanted her to be, so Jing-mei went up and played horribly. However, through all of the disobedience trying to stay true to who she was, which seemed to be a slacker, the mother still pushed her to try and not give up. Years later the mother dies and Jing-mei realizes that her mother truly did love her and was proud of her. She only pushed her because she wanted her to be the best at who she wanted to be and let her know that just because you are born into a certain lifestyle that doesn’t define who you are, you define who you are. The tone of the story begins to sound happy verses the angry, sarcastic, and once comical tone making fun of the mother. Jing-mei actually starts to get the point her mother tried so hard to install in her. One of the last sentences of the story caught my eye. It seemed to sum up everything in the story and why the conflicts of interests occurred. â€Å"And after I played them both a few times, I realized they were two halves of the same song†(534). Two halves of the same song could have been the title for Any Tan’s short story. The mother and the daughter both wanted the same things: for the daughter to be happy, and be the best at what made her happy but looking at it from only one way you would not have figured that out. In this story it was told solely from the daughters point of view. If the mother were to narrate this story it would have been completely different. Maybe she would have not seemed as so unhappy with her life that she had to live it through her daughters, but the daughter would have seemed as someone who didn’t care for there mothers affection and just wanted to be disobedient. There is always two sides to a story but in this case they seemed to be arguing the same story. â€Å" Two halves of the same song†(534).

Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie

Title: Prejudice Prejudice Marjorie W. Davis PSY/285 February 28, 2012 Michael Ford Abstract Our discussion is about how does society confirm prejudicial attitudes? How does ones social identity contribute to prejudice? How do emotions encourage prejudicial attitudes? What cognitive processes influence prejudice? Our text has explained competition; competition is an important source of frustration that can fuel prejudice. When two groups compete for jobs, housing, or social prestige, one group’s goal fulfillment can become the other group’s frustration. PrejudiceSociety confirms prejudice by what you possess and how much money you have. If you are not in a certain bracket such as (high class or middle class), you are considered poor. Prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power. Of course they will not give a chance at credit to buy a house, car, or start a business. Society, also confirm prejudice by the way you dress o r the car you drive. Society confirms prejudicial attitude by focusing on personal individuality and Independence, as opposed to becoming a team with neighbors and friends.I am so glad that God looks at the heart and man looks at the outer appearance. One's social identity contributes base on a realization of limited environmental control. The more you believe that you can impact your environment or social status, the less roll social identity plays Emotions really affect prejudicial attitudes because most of the time people make decisions based on their emotions. Emotions of fear and sadness or joy and gladness, which can cause you to project feelings in a hurtful way, rather than in a helpful manner Cognitive process influence prejudice through stereotyping, which cause prejudice.This can be a result of the normal ways in which we simplify and organize the world. Stereotypes are the social scripts we have in our heads about others and the roles we believe they should play in our s ocially constructed world. It is important to have the understanding of the basic concepts of prejudice and racism, and how to lessen their destructive effect (Rosado,  1995-2012). Reference Rosado, C. (1995-2012). Critical Multicultral Pavilion Research Room. Retrieved from http://www. edchange,org/multicultral/papers/caleb/racism. html

Johnes Disease essays

Johne's Disease essays Johns, Johnnys, Joane..... hard to pronounce.... Well 92% of beef producers are unaware of Johnes disease. The estimated $2,000,000-$4,000,000 Johnes disease costs the Georgia Beef Industry each year is hard to forget. Good morning, I am Crystal 8888 from 3333 County. Today I will share with you : What is Johnes Disease? What are the causes? What are the symptoms? Imagine this disease as a thief sneaking into your herd and robbing you of profits years before you suspect a problem. Johnes is not a new disease, in any way. A scientist named Heinrich Albert Johne discovered it in 1885. Johnes disease ( also called paratuberculosis) is a chronic mycobacterial infection affecting the lower small intestine of ruminant animals. This bacterium is in the same class as tuberculosis and leprosy. The organism that causes Johnes disease or mycobacterium paratuberculosis survives in stagnant water, manure and soil for up to a year. It also withstands freezing at minus 14 degrees centigrade for up to a year. Exposure to direct sunlight, heat and specific disinfectants will kill the organism. Newborn calves or young animals are the most susceptible to infection. The most common source of infection is feces, or manure. Bacteria excreted in feces can contaminate soil and water which is then ingested by other animals. Feed troughs, hay bunks, water tanks, ponds, can be contaminated by an infected animal or indirectly by equipment used to move manure. Newborns can be infected by the manure on the teats or from the colostrum or milk from a diseased cow. As the bacteria slowly grow in the small intestine of the infected animal, the intestinal wall becomes thickened and unable to absorb nutrients. It is a slow, progressive disease; infected animals may show no signs of the disease until years after initial infection. The signs of Johne ...

Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Essays

Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Essays Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Essay Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Essay Another way that time orientation differs is in whether a culture concentrates on the past, the present, or the future. Work and school orientation : People in united states are supposed to work , they are also expected to finish school o they can learn an occupation and support themselves in their adult life. E. G. The predominant culture in the united states stresses that everyone should be employed be employed productively (called the Protestant work ethic) and that work be a pleasure and valued in itself (as important as the product of the work). Other culture do not value work in itself but see it as only a means to an end (you work to get money or food, not satisfaction). Family Orientation : Family structure and the roles of family members are other lifestyle that are culturally determined. Please see different types of families) Male and Female Roles : In most culture , man is the dominant figure. In such a culture, if approval for hospital admission or therapy is needed , the man is the one who gives this approval. In a culture in which men are very dominant and women are extremely passive, a woman may be unable to offer an opinion of her own health or be embarrassed to submit to a physical examination, especially from a male some cultures, the woman may be the dominant person in the family. The oldest woman in the home would be the one to give consent for treatment or hospital admission. Religion : Religion guides a persons overall life philosophy. It influences how people feel about health and illness, what foods they eat, and their preferences about birth and death rituals. E. G. Asks in Jehovah refused blood transfusion. Health Beliefs : Are not universal . It is generally assumed in developed in countries that illness is caused by documented factors such as bacteria, viruses, or trauma. In other countries, however, illness may be viewed primarily as punishment from God or an evil spirit, or as the work of a person who wishes to harm to the sick persons Nutrition Practices : Food and their methods of preparation are strongly culturally related. E. G. Food and their methods of preparation are strongly culturally related Pain Responses : A persons response to pain is a final category that is both individually and culturally determined Jacob et al. , 2008). Although all people may have the same threshold sensation (the amount of stimulus that results in pain), their pain threshold (the point at which the individual reports that a stimulus is painful) and pain tolerance (the point at which an individual withdraws from a stimulus) vary greatly. Strategies to help recognize cultural influences on pain perception are to: a. Appreciate that the meaning of pain varies among cultures; b. Appreciate that not all people communicate or express their level of pain in the same way; c. Recognize that communication of pain may not even be acceptable within a culture; d. Develop an awareness of your personal values and beliefs and that they may affect how you respond to people in pain; and e. Use an assessment tool, such as 1-10 scale, to assist in measuring pain so you are certain that you are being objective as possible.

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Macbeth

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Macbeth Writing an Analytical Essay on Macbeth Why write about Macbeth Beginning an analytical essay on Macbeth How to write an outline How to write a thesis for an analytical essay on Macbeth How to write an introduction Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis Writing body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to finish an analytical essay on Macbeth Tips on conclusion writing Tips on revision Analytical essay on Macbeth Why write about Macbeth The centrality of writing about Macbeth is to exhibit how an unconstrained desire can be a destructive force. Writing about Macbeth outlines how ruinous over-ambition or ambition can be. Macbeth, seemingly an aristocrat, is driven to actions and thoughts which are inherently averse to his nature and in the end causes his destruction alongside Lady Macbeth, his wife. ‘Macbeth’ deals with power and kingship and the accountability brought with power. Writing about Macbeth is fundamental in that as it demonstrates that when appropriately established power is ousted by noxious means, appalling penalties can follow. Beginning an analytical essay on Macbeth To start an analytical essay on Macbeth, the author needs to present some form of claim or argument about what he/she is dissecting. Analytical essays typically focus on how the poem or book was composed, for example, how specific topics in the story present themselves or how the utilization of metaphor or similitude brings about a precise meaning to the story. In short, analytical essays require one to examine the smaller sections of the piece to explain the larger picture. To write an analytical essay on Macbeth, the writer needs to review any thought or fact: connections that can be linked, thus formulating concepts and utilizing events to support it. How to write an outline A ‘plan’ or ‘blueprint’ for your essay is called an outline. An outline aids in sorting one’s arguments and thoughts. An appealing outline makes conducting research and later writing your essay somewhat simpler. Your outline page is comprised of: Paper Title Thesis Statement Major arguments/points shown by Roman numerals Supporting your key points, shown in Arabic numerals The Roman number I is the writer’s ‘Introduction.’ In the paper’s introduction section, tell the reader your paper’s purpose and what it intends on proving (your thesis). The final roman number is the conclusion; there one summarizes information presented to the reader. Sample Outline I. Introduction A. Sentence to catch the reader’s attention B. One-two sentence proclamation (thesis statement) II. Body A. First Paragraph B. Second Paragraph C. Third Paragraph III. Conclusion A. Thesis Restatement B. Insightful sentence closing How to write a thesis for an analytical essay on Macbeth To do it correctly, the essay writer should sum their idea into one sentence or two. The thesis statement should display the paper’s topic and show the reader what the article is about and thus aiding in keeping the argument focused and guides the writer. How to write an introduction The introduction is designed to grab the reader’s attention along with giving an idea of the essay’s focus. Start with a redherring/attention grabber. This includes: Surprising information which must be provable and correct. Dialogue which does not substantially have to identify the speakers; however, the reader must understand points made. Anecdotes which are stories that illustrate a point. Summary information; one to three sentences expounding your topic. Tips on writing an introduction and thesis Be as specific and exact as possible. Indicate your paper’s purpose, however, evade sentence structures like â€Å"my essay’s purpose is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Avoid burying your thesis statement late in the paper. Avoid clichà ©s. Provide relevant and helpful information. Convince the reader your essay is worth reading and their time. Writing body paragraphs Naturally, body paragraphs develop the paper’s main idea in a series of sections. When writing body paragraphs, the writer’s chosen topic must be outlined, explained, and argued. All main ideas written in the outline make the body paragraph. Tips on body writing Begin by writing down your key ideas in sentence form Write down your supporting points for your chief idea that is, paraphrases and quotations from sources and facts (findings and statistics from conducted studies) Ensure you tie the facts you state back to the paragraph’s main idea (Analysis) Your transition from paragraph to paragraph should be fluid Explain your argument’s importance How to finish an analytical essay on Macbeth Finishing the analytical essay is simple once the framework is known. To conclude, three main sectors are taken into consideration. They are a transition from the body’s last paragraph, a rundown of the essay’s points and thesis statement, and finally, a closing statement that wraps everything up. Tips on conclusion writing Make it short. Answer the ‘So what’ question showing your readers the substance of your essay; show your reader the meaningfulness of your essay. Redirect your readers this is done by giving them something to think about. Synthesize rather than summarizing; don’t repeat things stated in your thesis. Challenge the reader by posing a question. Tips on revision Utilize your grammar check, spell-check, and check your spelling. Keep your format simple. Include clear transitions, markers, and citations. Include evidence and support for all main points. Ensure the essay’s intent is shown not told. Analytical essay on Macbeth I. Introduction ‘Macbeth’ is a play highlighting a breakdown in relationships between individuals Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth start the play showing an alluring relationship, however, as the plot advances; Macbeth’s aspirations drive him to commit regicide alongside other murders hence their relationship weakens and dissolves. This breakdown drastically impacts the play. Lady Macbeth’s longing for power prompts her enthusiasm in controlling Macbeth’s activities. Conversely, she loses control which ends in her tragedy. II. Discussion Ambition is typically what drives most towards progress, however, in Macbeth, it drives Macbeth towards his ruin. Ambition is a quality craved by many; however, through Macbeth, it is shown as an attribute that isn’t so positive. Macbeth proves that aspiration was a noteworthy constituent in his demise. Macbeth made it so effortless for the witches to help annihilate him. The witches noted his ambition was his weakness thus making it effortless for them to plan Macbeth’s destruction. Macbeth’s desire to have the witches stay on and continue with their prophecy shows his ambition and strives for power which the witches instantly spotted. Initially, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth adored each other: when Macbeth writes Lady Macbeth a letter naming her his â€Å"dearest partner in greatness,† this signifies that he views her as her equal. Lady Macbeth’s mind starts working after reading Macbeth’s letter. Lady Macbeth’s statement ‘shalt be’ uncannily mirrors the Witches prophecy. The breakdown of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship results from various deeds, most obviously King Duncan’s murder. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth respond differently. Macbeth is overcome with regret and remorse he knows sleep no more. He has interrupted sleep showing how tense he is with the crime. The guilt he experiences shows disallows him to sleep. Contrary, Lady Macbeth reacts differently. She is practical and calm, instructing him to rinse his hands. She openly says â€Å"water will clear us off this deed† showing her buoyancy that the water will drain away the guilt. Lady Macbeth calls the shots in their relationship since Macbeth is too weak. Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s manhood and bravery, and affection between them diminishes. The mental suffering Macbeth and Lady Macbeth go through following the murder is another factor that adds on to their relationship’s breakdown. After being crowned king, Macbeth makes known his discontent. â€Å"To be thus is nothing, but being safely thus.† Macbeth has the idea that Banquo will be crowned and dreads its fulfillment. Similarly, Lady Macbeth is equally disappointed when she expresses that their desire has gone without content. Still, the pair is uncommunicative at this point. III. Conclusion From act one, Lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth to complete a detestable deed that led to what his alleged fate was, even though none said King Duncan had to be murdered for the prophecy to manifest. After that inhuman deed, victims of Macbeth’s paranoid personality typically followed. Macbeths ambitions mainly driven by greed, insecurity, and hopelessness greatly impacted Macbeth fate toward death. Macbeth’s ambitions drove him downwards as being a deplorable hero in Shakespeare’s enthralling play.

Main Issues surrounding women in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Main Issues surrounding women in Sports - Essay Example However, there is also a belief that these screwed up views of female athletes are actually coming to an end in the 21.st century. One of the main issues that surround these female athletes is the way that these athletes are portrayed as sex objects instead of athletes in the media. The athletes prowess in the sport is often swept under the rug because they would rather present the women in an ambivalent light. Thereby not threatening the male athlete counterpart in terms of game knowledge and skill. If possible, these women are pictured as the girl next door or hyper-heterosexual in order to reinforce the traditional female roles of daughter, girlfriend, wife, and mother. But of all of these presentations, the worst two have to be the sexy babe and soft- porn images as depicted in the cover and article photo layouts in sports magazines. There is only one reason as to why the female sports players are presented in this manner and it has everything to do with gender equality and sexual orientation dynamics. For centuries, women have been viewed as the weaker sex and therefore, the second class citizens in their countries. Their influence in society is often limited by economic, social, and political institutions thereby suppressing the media images of women that do not depict them in anything more than feminine or sexual. The need to present women in a non-threatening manner to men (non-sports activity related) is the medias way of assuring those who may be affected by the female athletes success, that a woman can be athletic and excel in her sport of choice and yet remain traditional and fulfill her obligations as expected by society when not actively participating in her sport. Another problem faced by female athletes in their media portrayal is related to the nouns used to describe their mindset while in competition. Whereas men are introduced as young men or young men in order to

CELL BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

CELL BIOLOGY - Essay Example 4 Shown is a genetic pedigree of a family with several members affected by a heritable disease. Affected individuals are shown in black and healthy individuals are shown in white. Males are shown as boxes and females as circles. 5 Conditional alleles are mutant gene versions that encode proteins that can function normally at the permissive condition but are defective at the restrictive condition; one commonly used condition is temperature. Conditional alleles are especially useful to geneticists because they permit the study of essential genes. At the permissive temperature, the organism lives normally. When the organism is shifted to the non-permissive temperature, the effect of inactivating the gene can be studied. Which of the three types of mutations shown is most likely to lead to a conditional allele? 6 You are studying a diploid yeast strain that normally utilizes glucose as an energy source but can use maltose when no glucose is present. You are interested in understanding how this yeast strain utilizes maltose as an alternative energy source. To begin to understand maltose metabolism, you undertake a genetic screen to isolate genes involved in maltose metabolism by screening for yeast that cannot grow when maltose is the sole energy source. You isolate 6 different mutants, all of which are recessive, and name these alleles mal1, mal2, mal3, mal4, mal5, and mal6. Next, you isolate gametes from the homozygous diploid mutant yeast strains and perform crosses between the different strains to do complementation analysis, because you wish to determine whether the mutations are likely to affect the same or different genes. Your results are shown in the table below: 7 You are trying to map a human gene thought to be involved in cat allergies. Because you know this gene is on chromosome 20, you decide to examine the linkage of several SNPs located on chromosome 20 with respect to the gene involved

HL1003N Reading Twentieth Century Fiction Essay

HL1003N Reading Twentieth Century Fiction - Essay Example During the course of the evening, Gretta is reminded of a man named Michael Furey, a man who is not her husband, but whom she once loved many years ago. In the first occasion she is reminded of the town of Galway, where she had her relationship with Furey. Second, she listens to a song by Mr. DArcy which is the same song Furey sang on their long walks through the countryside. This too takes her away to different time and place. Gabriel for his part does not pay much attention to his wife. He did not really want to go to the dance and feels alienated from the people there. He doesn’t know how to talk to them and doesn’t really seem to want to talk to them. When he leaves to go back to the hotel with Gretta he thinks, â€Å"they had escaped from their lives and duties† (169). He doesn’t like it there. Only then does he see that Gretta is in a different kind of mood. Not only was she not paying attention to much of the party, but she was lost in the past†”thinking mostly of a dead man who had influenced her life so much. She finally tells Gabriel about how Furey had died as a young man after catching cold while standing outside of her window in the rain shouting up to Gretta that he did not want to live without her. After his wife has gone to bed, Gabriel thinks about his own life and about his wife; he feels like he leads a passionless existence. At first he was angry at Furey, but finally he begins to see that the passion that motivated Furey focused and encouraged a good life. He looks at his sleeping wife: â€Å"He thought of how she who lay beside him had locked in her heart for so many years that image of her lover’s eyes when he had told her that he did not wish to live† (176).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dead are everywhere in this story. They are, for example, the subject of Gabriels speech at the dinner after the

More horse power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

More horse power - Essay Example The phrase, "the most powerful in its class", may be true as "class" is not defined. According to the case, trucks similar to the Mammoth are used for hauling heavy equipment but the Mammoth is not suited for hauling. This would mean that the Mammoth would be in a different class from the hauling trucks, or in a class of its own. However, it does have a powerful engine which supports the claim that it is the most powerful in its class. All the above support the tagline "The Mammoth. Power, Beauty, Style." The advertisement focuses on qualities not necessarily connected with the product but I don't think this has been done unduly. The company used its good reputation for luxury sedans and sports cars, products which evoke power, beauty and style. The Mammoth advertisement may be targeting the same market as those for its traditional products, considering that the truck was not really built for hauling heavy equipment. The Mammoth can be viewed as simply another vehicle sporting a different design, a hauling truck design. But in the same way that luxury sedans and sports cars serve their intended customers for power, beauty and style, the Mammoth is also being sold to do this, especially since the advertisement depicted the owner getting into the truck in a tuxedo and driving to the opera. It is permissible fo

DX wk 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DX wk 7 - Essay Example he patients history, lab tests and often their brain injury studies who that there may have been stroked, untreated high blood pressure or coronary artery disease (Beidel, Bulik, and Stanley, 2010). The damage can be to a single blood vessel or to many blood vessels that will then be called an infarction in the brain (Beidel, Bulik, and Stanley, 2010). In contrast, 293.0 Delirium Due to a General Medical Condition is a "disturbance in consciousness that is accompanied by a change in cognition" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 136). Delirium in this case, the cognitive disturbance has to be due to direct physiological consequence of the general medical condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 136). Generally, delirium is brought on by a serious medical illness such as a serious infection, toxic effects of medication or AIDS (Beidel, Bulik, and Stanley, 2010). Although both of these conditions are due to serious medical conditions, delirium affects the cognition because of a lengthy illness that affects the brain directly. Although Vascular Dementia also affects cognition, it is a heart problem that has to be present (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Hans is a 66 year old male who is a retired mail carrier. He did his job well until he began to have challenges with his memory. Hans retired from his job five years ago because he was not able to carry out his duties correctly anymore; in fact, he began to make mistakes as he delivered the mail. At the age of 62, Hans was hiking in an area that he knew well and suddenly he was lost and could not find his way home. Soon after, he also mislaid things and forgot appointments and could not find his way around anymore. His memory continued to fail as he was unable to recognize his friends and lost interest in watching television and newspapers. According to Biedel, Bulik, and Stanley (2010), Alzheimers disease (AD) is a "common subtype of dementia" (p. 458), than other forms of Dementia. It

More horse power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

More horse power - Essay Example The phrase, "the most powerful in its class", may be true as "class" is not defined. According to the case, trucks similar to the Mammoth are used for hauling heavy equipment but the Mammoth is not suited for hauling. This would mean that the Mammoth would be in a different class from the hauling trucks, or in a class of its own. However, it does have a powerful engine which supports the claim that it is the most powerful in its class. All the above support the tagline "The Mammoth. Power, Beauty, Style." The advertisement focuses on qualities not necessarily connected with the product but I don't think this has been done unduly. The company used its good reputation for luxury sedans and sports cars, products which evoke power, beauty and style. The Mammoth advertisement may be targeting the same market as those for its traditional products, considering that the truck was not really built for hauling heavy equipment. The Mammoth can be viewed as simply another vehicle sporting a different design, a hauling truck design. But in the same way that luxury sedans and sports cars serve their intended customers for power, beauty and style, the Mammoth is also being sold to do this, especially since the advertisement depicted the owner getting into the truck in a tuxedo and driving to the opera. It is permissible fo

Which equation is correct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Which equation is correct - Essay Example Because, copper has two oxides Copper (I) oxide Cu2O and Copper (II) oxide CuO; therefore, there can be following two possible equations for thermal decomposition of Copper (II) carbonate: It is to be determined as which of the two equations is the correct equation. Looking at the right side of equation, we find the clue for designing an experiment to determine the correct equation of the thermal decomposition. There are two clues – 1. Mass of the black residue and 2. Volume of the gas liberated. If one starts the thermal decomposition experiment with two moles i.e. 247 grams (2x123.5 grams) of copper carbonate and mass of the black residue is 143 gram, then Equation 1 is correct; on the other hand the mass of black residue being 159 grams implies Equation two being correct. One can measure the volume of the gas released as well. In case of Equation 1 being correct, two moles of copper carbonate will give two and a half moles of carbon dioxide gas, which is 2.5x22.4 liters = 56 liters at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure, which is 273.16 K and 1 Atmosphere). In case of Equation 2 being correct, two moles of copper carbonate will give only two moles of gases, which will occupy 44.8 liters at STP. Based on these clues, we design the following experiment to determine the correct equation for thermal decomposition of copper carbonate. Pneumatic trough, test tube (13 x 100 mm), one hole stopper to fit test tube, plastic tube (from pulled Beral), graduated cylinder (100 mL), thermometer, laboratory burner, test tube clamp, CuCO3 (solid), balance 5. Bubbles started getting into the graduated cylinder. Towards the end of the decomposition reaction the rate of CO2 release slowed down. When the bubbling stopped, the burner and the delivery tube were removed. Because 2.5x10-3 moles of copper nitrate gives 2.5x10-3 moles of carbon dioxide gas, therefore, Equation 2 is the correct equation for decomposition of the copper carbonate.

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Example for Free

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Many teenage girls might shock you with their answers. Describing themselves as ‘ugly’ and ‘fat’. Over the years body-image issues are plaguing girls across the country. As a result of this majority have taken up unhealthy weight-controlling behaviour. This is done by skipping meals, taking laxatives and excessive smoking. Did you know that 9 in 10 females are conscious and currently unhappy about their body image? More than half of these are young girls. There are over 1. 3 million eating disorders in the UK alone. Happy, healthy and heroic is the feeling once you overcome anorexia. It’s about time we waved goodbye to the itty bitty twiggy runway models and say hello to the healthy curves of the new faces in Britain’s model industry. Majority of the runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia. However over the past few years the trend of stick-thin models has started to become unappetising. â€Å"When I was younger I had a poor self-image, very low self-esteem, and yearned for a better body. I destroyed EVERY single mirror in the house as I couldn’t bear the sight of my body. I used to sit and count my ribs. I didn’t choose to be that way, it just happened. A few years later by the age of 19, I was 16 stone. From suffering Anorexia to becoming one of the biggest teens in Britain, it was a shock. Then I decided to set myself a target, lose weight and appreciate what I have. I’m glad I’ve moved on and I wouldn’t want anyone else to go through what I did. Now at the age of 22, I weigh 11 stone now, which is the perfect weight for me. I am overwhelmed with my body and have learnt to appreciate what I have been blessed with. I hope to soon conquer the rest of Britain and help more teenage girls on the road to freedom. I don’t like to think of myself as being ‘small’ size, I’m average and I couldn’t be happier. †Katya Zharkova, plus size model. However Kate Moss has been criticised by campaigners after revealing she lives by a slogan which encourages people with anorexia not to eat. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels. † – Kate Moss. Eating disorder charity Beat described the comments as dangerous and very unhelpful for sufferers. Kate shouldn’t have said so, however a spokeswoman for Mosss model agency claimed: This was part of a longer answer Kate gave during a wider ranging interview which has unfortunately been taken out of context and completely misrepresented. † Women come in all shapes and sizes, and all of us have got the right to present ourselves beautifully in gorgeous clothes. Whether you’re overweight or tall, skinny or small, we are all beautiful. Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. Commentary I chose to produce an interpretation of women of different shapes and sizes. I have done this in a magazine/article form. The audience of this piece was aimed at young girls, teenagers and women. It is more common for them to have a stronger opinion on the matter. Throughout the article I have written in both active and passive voice, it varies the focus of each sentence and questions the reader. I have written in second and third person by using ‘you’ and ‘she’ which are both singular. This technique it allows the reader to understand different perspectives and direct the reader. The pronoun ‘you’ links in with trying to involve the reader, by using the rhetorical question ‘What do you see’ it almost gets the reader interested in reading the article right from the beginning, it asks for their opinion. The rule of three is used a number of times in this piece, ‘itty, bitty, twiggy’ is mainly used for emphasis on the fact that stick-thin models are a shadow of the past. There nouns used in this piece are both concrete and abstract. Concrete nouns can be experienced through the five senses, but abstract nouns cannot be accessed by the senses and tend to be intangible ideas that form a part of our life (love, hatred). By using attributive adjectives such as ‘gorgeous’ it gives the reader some additional information about the clothes before reading on. Superlative adjectives are used to compare nouns, ‘biggest’ tells the readers that Katya wasn’t big or bigger but she was the biggest. I decided to use contrasting celebrities point of view to indulge the reader in celebrities opinions. The verb ‘used’ indicates the tense of what Katya used to do; in this case she used to â€Å"sit and count my ribs†. This quote puts the reader in Katya’s point of view. The reader would imagine what it would be like to sit and count their ribs, but you can only sit and count your ribs if you are anorexic. The average healthy person has enough fat on their body to form a stomach. Katya was anorexic which meant she could feel her insides. I chose not to directly tell the reader that Katya was anorexic until the next few sentences, to make the reader wonder what was wrong. ‘More’ is an indefinite determiner used to put out to the reader a sense of discomfort most teenagers feel when it comes to body image and almost officialises the context. By using subordinate simple and compound clauses that are connected by conjunctions and followed on by a subject and verb. In this case ‘So’ makes the reader think about the fact that there are so many different eating disorder cases around the world. Overall, I think this piece is interesting because it is an article that questions the reader’s thoughts about what is right and wrong about being under and over weight. In my opinion it manages to interpret different views on the matter of being different shapes and sizes and at the end uses the quote â€Å"Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. † This quote uses repetition which is an excellent feature for slogans, the use of repetition means the slogan will be catchy to the reader and will stay in the readers mind and that is what I wanted to achieve when I wrote the article.

Law Essays International Law

Law Essays International Law Explain and evaluate the role of International Law in the development of the concept of human rights. A. Introduction The need of co-operation and mutual development has lead the countries of the international community to create a legislative net which would have as basic task the regulation of the relationships between them. At a next level, the bodies that were created to handle these provisions and to supervise their application faced the problem of the absence of a suitable legal environment that could guarantee and protect their operation. The only solution seemed to be the extension of the law provisions that regulated the relationships between the States to these international bodies. In this way, the international law was constructed and came into force for every issue that presented elements of international character. We should notice that the international law is no longer restricted to the above described area, but it has been extended so that it can offer protection against criminal actions that are taken place against the humanity even if these actions are made by individuals. The judicial body that has the responsibility of this task is the International Criminal Court. Although the protection of the human rights has always been a priority – as declared – both to the nationals and the international law, there are certain circumstances under which the application of the law is becoming difficult and sometimes it is finally avoided. This is often explicated as a result of a ‘precautionary politic’ that is necessary in order to protect the human rights of the majority of residents of a state. One of the recent measures that have been applied towards this purpose is the detention of a person for reasons of safety of the public and with no relevant decision or order of a court. According to R.K.M. Smith (2005, p.240), the deprivation of a person’s liberty can only be acceptable when there are serious reasons that impose the detention as the only suitable measure. In any case, the whole procedure has to be done in accordance with the relevant legal provisions. There are also a series of human rights that are constantly threatened by the actions of states or individuals. Furthermore, there are a lot of cases that this threat has been developed into a violation due to the absence of specific authorities for such a task. The international bodies (authorized by the international law to manage its provisions and to guarantee the protection of the human rights for the international community) can only handle a small number of relevant reports based on the reports of the states on specific facts of violations (or threats) of human rights. The role of these bodies, although can be characterized as very important, is very limited and is being formulated under the pressures of the current economic and political powers. However, according to M. O’ Flaherty (2002, p.1-2) the reporting procedure to a non-governmental organization can help the State to clarify the problem (when constructing an analytical report for the case) and perhaps come to a solution without the interference of the NGO. In case that the State itself cannot resolve the problem, then it can report it to an international body and in this way it will have the support and the advice of a team of international experts. Although it seems that the difficulties following the application of the international law tend to grow in strength and number, the efforts of the international community have helped the creation of a legal basis for the protection of the human rights and, in some cases, have succeeded a satisfactory restoration of the damage caused by the rights’ violations. B. Legislation related with the protection of the human rights – national and international law In UK the basic legislation concerning the Human Rights protection is the Human Rights Act of 1998 whilst a lot of other Acts have been signed in order to cover specific problems related to the recognition and the protection of the above rights. According to article 2 of the Human Rights Act of 1998 ‘Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by the law’ (article 2, par.1). This article presents the general borders of the legislation aims and creates an obligation for the authorities and the individuals to respect a person’s life and existence. The articles that follow this fundamental provision are being addressed towards particular rights and freedoms of a person, like the right to liberty and security (article 5), the right to a fair trial (article 6), the right to respect for private and family life (article 8), the freedom of thought, conscience and religion (article 9), the freedom of expression (article 10), the freedom of assembly and association ( article 11), the right to an effective remedy (article 13) and so on (see 1580 [2004], R (on the application of Trailer and Marina (Levin) Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and 1658 [2004], R (on the application of Clays Lane Housing Co-Operative Limited) v The Housing Corporation, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 1748 [2004], Malcolm v Benedict Mackenzie (A firm) and Another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division and 2866 [2004], W v Westminster City Council and Others, Queen’s Bench Division. There are also articles that do not offer a right but they impose a behaviour that have to be in accordance with the terms included in them. In this way, it is stated that the torture, the slavery and the forced labour are absolutely prohibited (articles 3, 4) whilst no punishment should take place without lawful authority (prerequisite for a punishment that the action made was recognized as a criminal one at the time that the crime was made, article 7). It is also stated that any discrimination and any restriction on political activity of aliens should be avoided (articles 14, 16). The above general Act has been interpreted and completed through other Acts that have been signed in order to provide sufficient protection of the rights in cases that are characterized by complexity and ambiguity. As an example we could mention the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which introduces alterations to the right of the liberty of a person as it is described by article 5 of the Convention for t he Human Rights, by permitting the detention of a person in cases when the existing evidence is enough to create the suspicion of a behaviour that could be a threat for the lives of other people (for the public). The very important element, which is introduced with the above Act, is that the existence of a relevant Court decision is not necessary. Other amendments to the Human Rights Act of 1998 are contained in the following Acts: the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Appropriation Act 2005 and the Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 (see 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department). In the level of European Union, the basic legislation concerning the human rights is the European Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of 1948. The above convention has been amended by a series of protocols (no. 4, 6, 7, 11 and 12) and it presents the basic rules on which the national legislations of the member states should be adapted. The article 2 of the above Convention recognizes the right to life for every person and the following articles are covering the rest of the human rights’ areas of application, such as: the liberty (article 5), the private and family life (article 8), the thought, the conscience and the religion (article 9), the expression (article 10) and so on. Like the Human Rights Act of 1998 (UK) the European Convention, also imposes certain obligations regarding the application of the human rights, like the prohibition of torture (article 3), the prohibition of slavery and forced labour (article 4), the prohibition of discrimina tion (article 14), the prohibition of restrictions on political activity of aliens (article 16) and so on. The protocol No. 4 to the above Convention referred to specific areas of human rights, like the freedom of movement (article 2) and the right to keep the personal liberty in cases that there is a debt (prohibition of imprisonment for debt, article 1). The basic provision of the protocol No. 6 to the Convention is the abolition of the death penalty (article 1 of the protocol) whilst the protocol No. 7 to the Convention contained provisions that were related with the rights of a person facing a criminal punishment (articles 2-4) and with the private law character – rights of the spouses (article 5). A series of relevant decisions have been published accordingly like: C-17/98, Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v. Aruba, C-112/98, Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG v. Commission of the European Communities, C-274/99, Bernard Connolly v. Commission of the European Communities and T-9/99, HF B Holding fur Fernwarmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH Co KG and Others v. Commission of the European Communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the above provisions, the international community has actively participated in the protection of human rights by the creation of a legal environment that can guarantee the avoidance of extremely violations of the rights and an independent (to the measure that this is achievable) valuation of the problem in cases that are brought before the relevant Bodies through the states’ reports. C. Problems related with the recognition and the protection of Human Rights by the international law Human Rights are by their nature a sensitive and transparent element of a person’s life. Although there are a lot of legislative work made for their protection, the scope and the objectives of the relevant provisions have not been fulfilled. The victims of the violations of the human rights are by fact the persons that present a weakness, physical, mental, of gender, of colour, of nationality or of other kind. The first to be violated are usually the children who although suffering are by nature unable to stand for their right. The person who is responsible for their protection has not, in many cases, the strength or the means to achieve such a task and the violation can continue for a long time. Smith A. (2004) examines the types of the offences that occur against the children and refers to specific problem that of the recruitment of children as soldiers. In her paper, she examines the legal aspects of the specific crime and presents the reasoning used by the Court to establi sh its decision in a specific case (Hinga Norman, 14/2004, Special Court for Siera Leone). After careful consideration, the Court decided that the recruitment of children to work of such a kind could attract individual criminal responsibility for the persons that were involved to this activity. On the other hand there are many reasons that could explain the difficulties that occur to the application of the international law provisions that are referring to the children.   Bhabha J. (2002) sees as a possible reason the general disadvantage of the children as a vulnerable and she argues that separated children can be accepted as an asylum seeker to a developed country but there are little guarantees for their safety at a next level. In a previous paper, Bhabha (Bhabha J., Young, W., 1999) had examined the conditions under which the children as unaccompanied asylum seekers are granted asylum according to the relevant U.S. guidelines. One of the most important development included in the new provisions, was the possibility of appointment of an individual as a guardian of a child until the relevant process is being finished. Furthermore, the violation of women’s rights (especially of their human rights) is constant and extended in multiple levels. Ankenbrand (2002) examined the position women seeking asylum under the German Law. He present the claims of women that are found in this position and he come to the conclusion that although the revision of the existing law has been admitted as necessary from the relevant legal bodies, there is not a positive activity to that direction. The violation of the right of religion seems to have been extended and the main problem is that of the specific description of the conditions that constitute a ‘religious practice’. Musalo (2004) argues that the prosecution for reasons of religious beliefs cannot be clearly defined today which comes in contrast to the simplicity of the relevant terms that the 1951 Convention had adopted. A very important matter related to the protection of the human rights is that of the extension of the relevant provisions of the international law. McGoldrick (2004) accepts that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) should be characterized as the basic institutional body regarding the supervision on the application of the terms of the international treaties that have been signed for the human rights. As of the specific category of refugees, the protection of their rights in the interior of the States is guaranteed by the operation of special institutional bodies that are authorized to examine each case that is being reported to them and proceed to a solution in the legal frame that has been indicated from the law for the specific problems. As an example, Daley (K. Daley, N. Kelley, 2000) refers to the existing relevant bodies in Canada, which are the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), the Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD) and, of course, t he higher courts of the state that have the jurisdiction to review the decisions of the CRDD. The main problem related with the application of the international law in the area of human rights seems to be the extension of the phenomenon of violation of these rights. Due to the difficult and complex economic and political environment of many states around the world, the supervision of the application of the Human Rights’ provisions is usually impossible. The most common route for a problem to be put under examination and to be given a resolution is usually the report that a state submits regarding a specific fact of violation of rights. But the volume of work and the depth of the problem (which needs to be analyzed and examined in detail) prevent the permanent resolution of it and the solution that is been proposed to the state has usually a provisional character. D. Conclusion The recognition and the protection of the human rights have been the subject and the aim of a lot of legislative provisions both to the national and to the international area. The relevant laws have achieved to cover – at least from a scientific point of view – almost all the aspects of the problem. However, the weakness of the law – and mostly of the international one – seems to be the absence of stability regarding the procedures followed, the penalties that are imposed and the speed in providing a resolution at every case that is brought to the international institutional bodies. On the other hand, the existence of a series of authorities that are responsible for the application of the international law and their power to impose punishment when a violation occurs, create the image of a well-organized and powerful society, which can provide to its citizen the security and the protection they need to survey.

Mother Loves Me :: essays papers

Mother Loves Me Children usually form a powerful and unseparable bond with their family. These fortunate angels get all the love and attention they call for. But for children less fortunate, they are also in need of love and care. For example, Jerry, a twelve year old orphan in the short story A Mother in Mannville by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, had experienced his young life without a family. He was sent to the orphanage at the age of four. However, as he started to spend time with the writer who lived in a cabin below the mountains, Jerry felt a great maternal affection towards her. They became very close and, hence, developed a strong relationship between them. For Jerry and all children, a child's true wish is for their mother's love. A period of time after Jerry had been with the writer, he developed a strong affection towards her. One night, sitting with the woman in front of the warm fire, Jerry became sentimental, telling her that she looked a little like his mother. He told a moving story about his mother, who lived in Mannville, and how she always sent gifts to him on Christmas and on his birthdays. But the story was later revealed that Jerry never had a "mother in Mannville." He fabricated the lie because he loved the writer just as much as he would love his own mother. Jerry felt that the woman was very close to him, and being with her gave him a warm feeling-a feeling like home. Even the writer's dog, Pat, was intimate and never barked at him. To Jerry, the writer and Pat were a part of his life. If Jerry never felt this kind of motherly love from the woman, he would not have lied about his "mother in Mannville." In other words, if the writer was not as nice and understanding, Jerry would not have lied. He would never want a mother who does not care about him. When Jerry lied about his mother, he wanted the writer to realize that he was really referring to her as his "mother." There was no distance between them and Jerry always felt safe and comfortable to talk to her. But if Jerry never sensed the passion and

Jill Bolte Taylor’s Stroke of Insight

Report I Title: Jill Bolte Taylor's stroke of insight Link: http://www. ted. com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight. html Speaker: Jill Bolte Taylor Affiliation: http://www. drjilltaylor. com Jill Bolte Taylor is a Harvard-trained and published neuroanatomist who dedicated her career to research into the severe mental illnesses. She had a stroke while she was researching about biological differences between healthy brains and brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder at1996.One of her blood vessel exploded on the left side of her brain and it caused the stroke. In the seminar, she explains her observations about the 4 hour after the stroke as a neuroanatomist. According to her experience she could not able to walk, talk read, write or recall any of her life. In this talk, initially she explains the major functions of the brain with a real human brain. Then she clarifies her stroke according to these functions. She tells the results of her bleeding step by step with examples and helps us to imagine a stroke.After all she finishes her speech with explaining her feelings after she survived and recovered. Beside Jill Bolte Taylor’s stroke of insight video, I watched videos about being happy â€Å"Dan Gilbert asks, Why are we happy? †, about intelligence of plants â€Å"Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence† and about brain damages â€Å"VS Ramachandran on your mind†. I generally watched the videos about brain and intelligence because I interested in the human intelligence and brain functions. Mr.Gilbert’s talk showed me the effects of our psychological immune system to be happy, Mr. Mancuso’s talk represented me the intelligence of plants which is similar to animals’ and Mr. Ramachandran’s talk helped me to illustrate the brain functions of human while he was talking about the brain damages. All of these topics were interesting but I mo stly interested in Taylor’s topic because she had a disease which is about her researches and she survived from it without any permanent damage. I liked to hear this neuroanatomy specialist’s own life experiments about brain disease.Favorite quotes and sentences: â€Å"I essentially became an infant in a woman’s body. † â€Å"For those of you who understand computers, our right hemisphere functions like a parallel processor, while our left hemisphere functions like a serial processor. † About Jill Bolte Taylor’s stroke of insight video, I did not understand why and how she felt that she is in nirvana after she woke up after the surgery. I strongly recommend this video to the other students because it is one of the most interesting speech I have ever heard.

Irish Culture

Struggles between different national, cultural, and religious identities became known as â€Å"trouble times† in Northern Ireland. The fighting began as far back as 1921, and did not reach an agreement, called the Good Friday Agreement until May 22, 1998. The Protestant’s considers them self British and supports the United Kingdom, or Unionist. While the Catholics, which are in the minority only by 44%, considers thierself to be Irish. The Catholics want a united Ireland and most are nationalist. â€Å"The latest version of â€Å"the troubles† in Northern Ireland was sparked in late 1968, when a civil rights movement was launched mostly by Catholics, who had long faced discrimination in areas such as electoral rights, housing, and employment. This civil rights movement was met with violence by extreme unionists and the police, which in turn prompted armed action by nationalists and republicans. Increasing chaos and escalating violence led the UK government to deploy the British Army on the streets of Northern Ireland in 1969 and to impose direct rule from London in 1972. † (Archick, 2013) Trying to come to a resolution in Northern Ireland the government signed the peace treaty known as the Good Friday Agreement, it transfer the power from London to Belfast where the two parties, Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive Committee, or the Nationalist and Unionist would share power. Reference Archick, K. (2013). Northern Ireland: The peace process. Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21333.pdf BBC News. Northern Ireland: The peace process. Retrieved from BBC News. (2006, January 27). Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4072261.stm Irish Culture Struggles between different national, cultural, and religious identities became known as â€Å"trouble times† in Northern Ireland. The fighting began as far back as 1921, and did not reach an agreement, called the Good Friday Agreement until May 22, 1998. The Protestant’s considers them self British and supports the United Kingdom, or Unionist. While the Catholics, which are in the minority only by 44%, considers thierself to be Irish. The Catholics want a united Ireland and most are nationalist. â€Å"The latest version of â€Å"the troubles† in Northern Ireland was sparked in late 1968, when a civil rights movement was launched mostly by Catholics, who had long faced discrimination in areas such as electoral rights, housing, and employment. This civil rights movement was met with violence by extreme unionists and the police, which in turn prompted armed action by nationalists and republicans. Increasing chaos and escalating violence led the UK government to deploy the British Army on the streets of Northern Ireland in 1969 and to impose direct rule from London in 1972. † (Archick, 2013) Trying to come to a resolution in Northern Ireland the government signed the peace treaty known as the Good Friday Agreement, it transfer the power from London to Belfast where the two parties, Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive Committee, or the Nationalist and Unionist would share power. Reference Archick, K. (2013). Northern Ireland: The peace process. Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21333.pdf BBC News. Northern Ireland: The peace process. Retrieved from BBC News. (2006, January 27). Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4072261.stm

Preserve Knowledge Essay

Dear Sir, Have you ever noticed how people live all their lives in the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom? As a society, we put so much emphasis upon enriching our lives through education and it never seems to dawn upon us that upon our demise, all of this knowledge we thirsted to have in life becomes a forgotten part of our existence. It bothers me when I hear about people committing suicide or killing an innocent person because all of the knowledge they gained in life goes with them to the grave and is then lost forever. This is why I have decided that the time has come for me to write a book that will help people come to terms with their personalities and perhaps learn to appreciate their reason for being in this world in the process. If I can touch a life and prevent even one homicide of suicide case in the world, then my book † Preserve Knowledge: The Healing of the Nation† will have accomplished its objective to save lives and preserve knowledge. Nobody really understands why people commit crimes against lives and how it affects the perpetrator spiritually. I would like to help in understanding their situation by helping them in their healing process and introducing them to other spiritual leaders who were once lost and without direction in their lives and have now become leaders of society. Only by understanding these people and their situations will it be possible for us to communicate with our inner self and soul and eventually understand how wisdom of the mind and soul becomes a reality. Through my book, I wish to help people come to the realization that when a person dies or is killed, everything he has learned in life becomes useless. There was no transference of knowledge to the living that are capable of propagating the knowledge shared with them by the deceased. By helping people to survive, we preserve knowledge and in the end the shared knowledge helps in empowering a nation. An intellectual nation is a rich nation. My book will concentrate on developing the 2 most important areas of development in a human being. These are the mind and soul. It is imperative that the mind of a person be developed because the mind can be likened to an absorbent sponge that will absorb all information that comes its way. It is like a blank slate waiting to be written upon using permanent ink. Although the mind filters information, it also helps the soul develop through logical connections and thinking. The soul on the other hand helps that knowledge we collect to become part of a person’s personality and memory database. During the times when the soul feels so tired that if seems to make more sense to end your life, a person feels hopeless. But this is not the way God intended for us to live our lives. God created man to be the highest and most intelligent form of animals because only man was tasked with the duty of taking care of our planet and recording its history. This is the main reason why all knowledge and information that each man has in his mind and soul must be shared with others. Sharing information with the right people always helps to enrich lives. When a person feels good about himself and he has the right kind of support to help him overcome his shortcomings, the nation benefits. That person will always turn out to be a valuable asset to society and whose contribution would be solely missed if he were to take his knowledge to the grave with him. This is why it is imperative that my book â€Å"Preserve Knowledge: The Healing of the Nation† must be published. So many lives are lost these days to suicide or homicide. Imagine all the knowledge that is snatched away from us. We should not allow the draining of this knowledge to proceed any further. Needless to say, only my book can show us how to do this. This is why I am imploring your help in order to see my book published. If you believe in the same causes that I do, this book will be a valuable asset to your personal library.

Spiritual Needs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spiritual Needs - Research Paper Example He is a Protestant and has attended services with wife and children, but his ailment prevents regular churchgoing. He is aware of religious differences but there is one God for all whom we can pray to. He believes in the power of prayer, although he is not pious or prayerful. At the moment he finds his family as a source of calmness and strength. Of course, God is unseen and in most times not felt. Visit from a Protestant chaplain will be acceptable. The tool worked well, allowing free flow of information and questions. Care was taken to make the interview friendly and casual, and information gathered can serve appropriate spiritual intervention during treatment. As a recommendation, the instrument should preferably be administered by a nurse, opening way for visits by a minister of choice. We understand JCAS wants the instrument administered by chaplains, but religious affiliation can create hindrance in case a patient, in our study a Protestant, is interviewed by a Catholic chaplai n.

Communication Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Communication Theories - Essay Example pace of modern technology and the era of globalization, media is now more encompassing as to include the various social networking sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn and MySpace. Social networking has a great impact in the lives of people all over the world today. Communication has become easier and more convenient. Since media ecology studies the interaction between people and the modes of communication as facilitated by modern technology, one can clearly see its impact on the different social networking sites. It looks into the development of human relationships among the people who use the social networking sites. It is through the social networking sites where people of different culture relate with each other sans geographical boundaries. Media ecology has influenced social networking sites which have developed its own unique language, acronyms and symbols. One foresees media ecology to further intensify its role in the rapid growth of social networking

Read the case study about Cottage Condiments and answer the 4 Essay

Read the case study about Cottage Condiments and answer the 4 questions as a report - Essay Example The major strength for Cottage Condiment is that it produces naturally flavoured products. The products are made from natural fruits and plants which give them a natural flavour. The products are also lowly priced hence making affordable to consumers in the market. Additionally the business is offering a wide range of products including pickles, chutney and relish of different flavors such as peach and ginger, traditional apple, plum and ripe tomato (Hollyoake, 2009, p. 45). Cottage Condiment products have a strong presence in the local market. This is evident from the number of sales that the business is making on a daily basis. The strengths provide a solid foundation for the business to expand into a wider market. The major weakness of Cottage Condiment is that its managers have very little knowledge in business. Jon Wright is a retired engineer who has never engaged in business at any point of his life. His wife also has very little experience in the operations of a business. The owners of the business are retired and have little capital to finance its expansion (Hollyoake, 2009, p. 55). This may curtail the operations and expansion of the business. The market for pickles, chutney and relish has recorded a consistent growth in the last three years. This is a wonderful opportunity for the business to attract a significant portion of the market. The growing demand for Cottage Condiment products in the local market is also an opportunity for the business to expand its operations and serve a larger market. Competition from established businesses such as supermarkets is the greatest threat that Cottage Condiment faces. This may make it harder for the business to grow and serve a larger market because it is already occupied by established businesses. The other threat is the unpredictable market performance which makes it risky to expand in an uncertain market. The UK has a stable political environment that is

Manifestation of Catholicism in colonial Brazil Essay

Manifestation of Catholicism in colonial Brazil - Essay Example Notably, even after the independence of the country, the 1824 constitution made catholic the official religion in the country. The imperial government then even paid salaries to catholic priests and influenced the appointments of the bishops in the country then, thus making the religion rather strong in the country than in any part of the world. The Brazilian hierarchy consists of four cardinals, thirty archbishops and 128 bishops. The region, divided into seventy-seven ecclesiastical provinces, has an additional one archdiocese, commonly known as Brasilia. Excepting for only a few exceptions of provinces such as the state of Sao Paulo, which has five provinces, minas Gerais with three provinces, and Rio de Janeiro with two, most of these provinces corresponds to the state boundaries. The vicars general were the, the reactors of the Jesuit College, as well as the priors of the Benedictine, Franciscan and Calamite converts were the highest local ecclesiastical officials. The tribunal of the Lisbon, having gained supremacy over Brazil in the year 1551, undertook the role of overlooking into the religious and moral practices of the Brazilian people. Headed by the inquisitor general who was the president of the general council, oversaw the activities of other tribunals ion his jurisdiction. However, in case of matters relating to the policies and procedures, the general and the general council reined supremacy, unless the pope decided to rule differently. Temporary tribunals visited Brazil, and with the help of the police, undertook their mandate of inquisition (Wadsworth 19). The Portuguese inquisition, having officially begun in the year 1536, Brazil inhabited then the only the extreme margins of the empire of Portuguese, thus eliciting little concern from the inquisitors in Lisbon. The backdrops of colonial history, which painted the pictures of inquisition in Spain in 1478, saw the expulsion of

Respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Respond - Essay Example The narrator spins the story around several occurrences at the office. These range from the worsening situation of the company caused by leaving of the clients which subsequently leads to the firing of the employees; to personal issues faced by the employees such as Amber’s unexpected pregnancy, speculation about personal life, death, illness, fear of work place violence, Benny’s totem-pole dilemma, Carl’s depression and pharmaceutical abuse as well as the disintegration by Chris over his chair issues. The story culminates with the discovery that the cool-headed Lynn is dying of cancer. I feel that the ‘we’ connotation used by the narrator is questionable to some extent. This is because even though the narrator uses the plural pronoun ‘we’ to narrate the story and insinuate a sense of solidarity at the workplace, this is far from the truth as the coworkers know every little about each other and are unable to maintain genuine long-term relationships at the

Role of the International Court and Tribunals in Relation to Armed Conflict Essay Example for Free

Role of the International Court and Tribunals in Relation to Armed Conflict Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The volatility and persistence of armed conflicts around the world has caused the convention amongst states which aims to lessen the harm that it brought forth.   The research then aimed to identify the international laws and conventions that were created in order to lessen the evils of armed conflicts.   In addition, the research aimed to identify the international court and tribunals that were created in response to the said conventions and laws.   A few number of cases were also presented in order to understand more the applications of international laws and consequently the workings of the international court. The research will be identifying how these laws and courts are able to protect the rights of soldiers, prisoners of wars and civilians. Background of the Study Factors Leading to Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historian AJP Taylor has described that wars are very much volatile as there are no standard systems in order to predict how one will occur. [1]   Corollary with this, various psychologists have significantly related human nature in terms on the frequency of armed conflict.   EFM Durban and John Bowlby have argued that man is inherently violent.   Such a claim is in accordance with Hobbe’s claim that on the state of nature man is in the state of war; hence claiming that man basically has the thirst for power and dominance, while consequently actualizing such in a violent manner. Durban and Bowlby claimed that although such a violence that man experiences is repressed in a conventional society, the creation of an outlet in order to occasionally express such a violent nature is inevitable.   This argument could be significantly related on how certain individuals such as for instance Hitler has displaced his hatred against the Jews.  Ã‚   Such is in relation to the claim why certain individuals shift their grievances to certain ethnic groups, nations or ideologies.[2] The Geneva Conventions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Geneva Conventions of 1949 contains four separate treatises which primarily focus on protecting soldiers from sufferings that may have been wounded, sick, shipwrecked or might be prisoners of wars (POWs).   In addition, the protection of civilians and their property are also taken into focus on the said conventions.[3]   Ã‚  The humanitarian focus of the Geneva Conventions was further expanded through the 1977 Additional Protocols.[4]   Ã‚  On the other hand, the details of the use of the weapons of war and the use of biological weapons are not included in the said convention as the use of the former were specified by the Hague Conventions of 1889 and 1907.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The First Geneva Conventions on August 12, 1949 necessitates that soldiers who are out of battle (i.e. hors de combat) should be protected.   The Article 12 claims that equal care should be given to all people regardless of sex, race, nationality, religion, political beliefs, etc.   Article 15 claims that the sick and the wounded must be protected from pillage and ill treatment.   The second Geneva Conventions on the other hand caters to those sick and wounded who are on the seas.   The 63 provisions focus on the armed forces who are â€Å"wounded, sick and shipwrecked, hospital ships and medical personnel, and civilians who accompany the armed forces.†[5]   Ã‚  The third Geneva Conventions contains 143 articles which clearly defines how prisoners of war (POWs) should be treated.   According to the American Red Cross, POWs should be â€Å"†¦treated humanely, adequately housed, and receive sufficient food, clothing, and medical care. Its provisions also establish guidelines on labor, discipline, recreation, and criminal trial†.[6]   Specific provisions of the third Geneva Conventions which tackled these provisions are   Arts. 70-72, 123, Arts. 13-14, 16, Arts. 25-27, 30, Art. 23, Art. 17, Arts. 50, 54, Arts. 82, 84, Arts. 109, 110, Art. 118,   and Art. 125.   The fourth Geneva Conventions then focuses on the protection of the civilians in times of armed conflict.   The 159 articles of the said conventions emphasizes the need to have civilian lives’ maintained in a normal disposition and protect them on every means of evil.   [7]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a sum, the Geneva Conventions based its arguments on the basic rational that human dignity of all individuals must be of utmost importance regardless of any instance.   Necessary ways must be done in order to prevent any kind of suffering of both the combatants who have suffered wounds or any type of sickness.   In addition, the rights of the rights of the POWs are also taken into utmost detail, hence preventing any kind of torture and other types of human rights violations.   In addition the protection of the civilians most specially the assurance of the living a normal and quality life that is free from danger and any type of evils are also emphasized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1949 Geneva Conventions paved the way for the creation of a more detailed law that focuses more on the workings of armed conflict.   The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) is a response to the demand of a more thorough legal perspective in terms of conducting armed conflicts. Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) stemmed out from customary practices of international law which required nations to comply with the set of laws that preside over the exercise of military operations in armed conflict.   The acceptance of the international jurisdiction of the LOAC could be seen in the US Constitution which dubbed treaty obligations as the â€Å"supreme law of the land†, hence a part of the US law.   Hence it could be implied that all individuals that are under the US law most particularly those militants who are engaged in armed conflicts are bounded by LOAC.[8] The DoDD 5100.77, DoD Law of War Program emphasizes the necessity amongst all military departments to create a program that ensures that LOAC will be observed.   In addition with this, part of the treaty obligation of the US under the 1949 Geneva Conventions is the training of all military forces under LOAC and ensure that all weapons that will be used in armed conflict will be reviewed.[9] The nature of combatants are clearly defined in the LOAC.   Lawful combatants are those individuals who are certified by any government authority to participate in armed conflict.   In addition, a lawful combatant must be under the jurisdiction by an individual whose duty is to be responsible to his subordinates.   Corollary with this, a permanent and unique emblem should be identified even in a distant such as uniforms.   More importantly, a lawful combatant should be able to carry his arms obviously[10].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, noncombatants are those people who are not certified by any government authority to engage in armed conflict.   These individuals are clearly defined as civilians who are with the Armed Forces, soldiers who are out of combat i.e. POWs, wounded, medical personnel and chaplains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation with this, unlawful combatants are those people who participate in armed conflict whom however are not authorized by any government authority to be such.   For instance, bandits who steal from civilians are seen as unlawful combatants and may be viewed as targets that could be captured or killed. Also, unlawful combatants could also be put into trial because of violating international laws.[11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Individuals who have undetermined status are those people which could not be categorized as a lawful combatant, noncombatant or an unlawful combatant. Undetermined individuals however are still viewed as under the protections of the Geneva Prisoner of War conventions until their status will be identified[12].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Military targets are also clearly defined in the LOAC.   Such is relevant in order to limit the attacks to appropriate individuals.   Military targets are defined are those individuals whose virtue of their own nature, location, purpose adds to an enemy’s capacity to engage in war.   More importantly, the arrest and/or annihilation of these military targets are perceived to actualize the military objectives of the government.[13]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of the perceived goal of annihilation or capture of military targets, LOAC still takes into utmost focus the disposition of the civilian population.   Attacks on places which are not justified by military necessity are against the LOAC.   In addition, the attack on civilians in order to terrorize them is also against the international laws.   However, LOAC considers that the civilian deaths or other related casualties could not be totally prevented in armed conflicts. Hence, the LOAC emphasizes that as much as possible, military objectives would seek to minimize such harms.   LOAC emphasizes that losses on the part of the civilians must be in equal measure to the goals of the military.   In relation with this, LOAC also has a provision against attacking objects that are dedicated to peaceful purposes.   Medical units, vehicles for the wounded and the sick, hospital ships both for the civilian and the soldiers, safety zones as established by the Geneva Conventions, religious, cultural and charitable infrastructures, monuments and POW camps.   Albeit, LOAC also made clear that if by any chance that these objects will be used for war purposes, such will not be subject to any immunity[14]. Problem Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the laws set forth by the Geneva Conventions and the Laws of Armed Conflict (LOAC), the research seeks to identify what are the international tribunals and courts that are created in order to resolve the conflicts which stemmed during and/or after a particular war.   In addition, the research seeks to know what are the roles that these tribunals and courts played in relation to resolving conflicts and various types of injustices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Court and Tribunals are created either to solve general conflicts and criminal cases or specific criminal cases of a particular country. These courts and tribunals are operational based on the laws, conventions and scope agreed upon and must be able to dispense justice in all possible cases.   However, issues emerge as how international courts and tribunals handle, resolve conflicts and spend their budget. Objectives of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research aimed to: Identify the laws that were created that led to the proper and just exercise of international armed conflict. Identify various international court and tribunals that resulted due to the enactment of these laws. Identify the roles of the said tribunals and court in the exercise of justice. Identify the issues that these tribunals and court currently face. Significance of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research is relevant in order to increase the awareness of the researcher and his colleagues on the workings of international laws in terms of resolving armed conflicts.   In addition, the identification of the international court and tribunals which stemmed out from these laws are also relevant not only for academic awareness and knowledge but also for a wider perspective of how armed conflict has affected various countries all over the world.   Such will enable the researcher to know the quality of life of these people that could further aid him in participating in his own small way of minimizing the advent of various political leaders for war. Review of Related Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research will be identifying the courts and tribunals which were created in order to resolve various conflicts and injustices that resulted because of armed conflicts.   For the purpose of this paper, the research will be discussing the First Generation Tribunals i.e. Nuremberg Tribunal and the Tokyo Tribunal; the Second Generation Tribunals i.e. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  The role of these courts in relation to armed conflict will be identified, discussed through its principles and cases being resolved.   In addition, the issues that envelope these international courts and tribunals will also be identified. First Generation Tribunals International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg (Nuremberg Tribunal)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Nuremberg Tribunal was responsible for the trial and prosecution of the political, military and economic leaders of Nazi Germany.   The said trial was made at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice on the city of Nuremberg Germany from 1945 to 1949.   Two sets of trials were made.   The first was the â€Å"Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 which comprises of the 24 most relevant leaders of the Nazis.   On the other hand, the Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Military Tribunals (NMT) on the other hand was for the lesser war criminals which included doctors and judges[15].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first principle of the Nuremberg Tribunal claims that an individual who commits a crime that is punishable under international laws should be apprehended and punished[16].   Consequently, the second principle states that if by any chance that the law does not provide a specific type of penalty for a particular crime, does not automatically relieve the accused of the said crime that he committed[17].   The third principle on the other hand, emphasizes that being a government leader such as a head of state etc does not automatically relieve an accused of his accountability to the alleged crime[18].   In relation with this, the notion of the existence of a moral choice was cited on Principle four and as per the Tribunal should be the guiding virtue to acts that were claimed to be done due to duress from a superior[19]. More importantly, the fifth principle made it clear that the accused must be subjected to a fair trial based on the laws and evidences that will be gathered[20].   The sixth principle then defines the set of crimes that are punishable under international law, these are:   crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.   Crimes against peace were defined as the â€Å"planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances† and the â€Å"participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under†. [21] On the other hand, war crimes are seen as the â€Å"murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave-labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill treatment of prisoners of war, of persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity†[22].   Finally, crimes against humanity are characterized as â€Å"Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhuman acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime†[23].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The principles of the Nuremberg Tribunal which are affirmed by the General Assembly are the first set of principles that were formulated in order to lessen the evils brought forth by armed conflict.   The tribunal recognizes that equality of all men on the eyes of the law, as evident on the first and the third principles.   In addition, the notion of impartiality and fairness are also made clear as one of the guiding principles of the tribunal in order to trial those who were accused. However, one of the criticisms against the Nuremberg Tribunal is with regard to the notion that its principles are made ex post facto or â€Å"after the fact†.   Such means that the principles are made just after the Axis powers surrendered and the principles are not really adapted to any existing custom law.[24]  Ã‚   Critics of the Nuremberg Tribunal argue that what happens is more of a â€Å"Victor’s Justice† rather than a more impartial, neutral and just trial[25].  Ã‚   In relation with this, other criticism such as the accused were not allowed to appeal against the court or may also influence the selection of the judges[26].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Below is a table summarizing the decision of the tribunal on the major personalities of the Nazi Regime.[27] International Military Tribunal for the Far East   (IMTFE) (Tokyo Tribunal)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, also dubbed as the Tokyo Tribunal was created in response to the crimes committed by the leaders of the Japan Empire during the Second World War.   The jurisdiction among people[28] is limited to the criminals of the Far Eastern who as members of an organization or as an individual have committed a crime that is against peace. The tribunal trialed the three types of crimes committed by Japanese leaders which are â€Å"Class A or crimes against peace, Class B or war crimes and Class C or crimes against humanity[29].  Ã‚   The first class of criminals is those Japanese who have waged a conspiracy in order to start the war and the other two types of criminals refer to those of the Nanking Massacre.   The trials started on May 3, 1946 and were finished on November 12, 1948. The Nanking Massacre involves the thousand of deaths that resulted from the abuse of the Japanese forces.   Civilians were buried alive while some become the targets of bayonet practice.   In addition, some were shot in huge groups and were thrown into the Yangtze River.   In addition with this, numerous women were raped, murdered and mutilated[30]. Japan has also conducted opium trafficking in China in order to weaken the latter from resisting[31]. The tribunal on Article 6 have made clear the responsibility of the accused, wherein it emphasizes that the accused official position or   responsibility towards the government are not sufficient reasons in order to acquit him, unless proven so[32].   The Article 9 which states how the trial of the accused is to be conducted is somewhat similar to that of the Nuremberg Tribunal.   Although Article 9 is leaning towards a fair trial for the accused, the provisions are only focusing on Indictment, Language, Counsel for Accused, Evidence for Defense, and Production of Evidence for the Defense.   One could see that there are no such provisions saying that the accused is capable for an appeal or could have an influence for the selection of the judges[33].   Similarly, Article 16 describes the mode of penalty and punishment includes death or other penalties that are perceived by the tribunal to be just[34]. Second Generation Tribunals The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or the ICTY was made on May 25 1993 by the Security Council Resolution 827 in order to trial the crimes that were made on the former Yugoslavia, more particularly on the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to protect international peace and security.   ICTY is located at Hague Netherlands. [35]    The ICTY has already indicted 161 individuals who are responsible for the crimes against international and humanitarian law.[36]   The conflicts that emerge on the former Yugoslavia shifted from Slovenia to Croatia and then to Bosnia which the later showed signs of genocide such as deportation and mass executions and concentration camps.   In addition with this, sexual assaults and rape were also documented.   In effect of this, on October 1992, the Security Council asked UN Secretary, Butros Butros Ghali to furnish an account of the violation of international humanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia[37]. The ICTY has four major objectives: first is to bring to justice the individuals who are accountable on the grave violations of international and humanitarian law, to dispense justice to those who are afflicted, to prevent such crimes to occur again, to do its part to restore peace and held responsible those individuals who committed such crimes of international law and humanitarian law[38]. The jurisdiction of the ICTY is limited only to individuals and not organizations and or groups, who were alleged to commit such crimes after the first of January, 1991.[39]   The violations that are subject to ICTY’s jurisdiction are those violations coming from the Geneva conventions such as: â€Å"a) wilful killing; b) torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments; c) wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health; d) extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly; e) compelling a prisoner of war or a civilian to serve in the forces of a hostile power; f) wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or a civilian of the rights of fair and regular trial; g) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a civilian; h) taking civilians as hostages† [40] Also, Violations on the Laws or Customs of War are also included such as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"a) use of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering; b) wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; c) attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings; d) seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity and education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments and works of art and science; e) plunder of public or private property.† [41]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crimes against humanity which are normally done to the civilians of former Yugoslavia are also trialed. In addition with this, Genocide was also another crime that ICTY looked into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The ICTY has also categorized into two types the criminal responsibilities of that were allegedly committed by every accused.   The first type are those individuals who have a well structured plan and authority to exercise such crimes, while on the other hand, the second type of accused are those superiors who have their subordinates commit crimes which the former has no knowledge of; and / or the superiors who did not made any steps in order to punish the said subordinate who made such a crime.[42]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ICTY also has Rules of Procedure and Evidence that were drafted and amended by its judges and provides the parameters of how proceedings in trials should undergo.   The basic premise of these standards resides on the notion of fairness which establishes the innocence of the accused and the burden of proof should rest on the prosecution.   More importantly, ICTY has made sure that all of the parties involved must have the capacity to present their cases and in such instances, the tribunal requires that the language of the accused will be used.   The tribunal has also made clear that death penalty can not be imposed and that the parties both have the right to appeal.[43]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corollary with this, the rules of the tribunal also provides the right for a public hearing.   In addition, the right of the accused to analyze the evidences of the prosecution, present his own evidences and the right against self-incrimination is also an evidence of a fair treatment to the accused.   Unlike the Nuremberg and the Tokyo tribunal, the ICTY provides a more balanced perspective in terms of dealing with armed conflict accused and criminals.   In addition, the utmost relevance that is centered on the importance of the human life is also evident as death penalty is not an accepted form of punishment to those trialed as guilty of the said allegations[44]. International Criminal Court for Rwanda (ICTR)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Criminal Court for Rwanda (ICTR) was made on November 8, 1994 which is roughly 18 months after the ICTY was made.   The Security Council adopted the resolution 955[45] in order to trial the human rights abuses that resulted the conflict of two major tribes in Rwanda that resulted to genocide[46] between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994.   In addition with this, the neighboring states of Rwanda who have participated as well for the said genocide and other human rights violation were also subjected to the trials of the tribunal[47].   Ã‚  ICTR is located in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania[48].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The domestic conflict that emerge between the Hutu tribe which is the dominating tribe in Rwanda and the Tutsi Tribe which was the minority after the country’s decolonization   in 1962.  Ã‚   The Hutus and the Tutsi’s conflict emerge primarily out of political reasons and not really of ethnic differences.   Both of the tribes shared the same Roman Catholic faith and in times intermarried.[49]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1960, the Belgian government organized an election in response to the Tutsi’s demand for independence.   However, a huge amount of the mayoral posts were given to the Hutus and in two years span, the Hutus have supplanted the Tutsis as the local elites.   At such a span of time, there has been a wide documentation of reports claiming massacres of Tutsis which further led the latter to move to near by countries.   After 15 years, the killings have abated and the Tutsi refugees who have returned organized a parliamentary forced known as Rwandan Patriotic Font (RPF) which later on signed peace conventions to Arusha Peace Accords which mandated the share of powers between the Hutus and the Tutsis[50].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rare of how the Rwandan genocide have occurred was perceived to be so fast as around 1994 around 500,000 – 1,000,000 Tutsis has been killed while 10,000 to 100,000 Hutus were killed[51]. The laws adopted by the ICTR are governed by its statute which was based from the Security Council Resolution 955, wherein the Article 14 of the Statute serves as the foundation of the judicial framework of the tribunal.  Ã‚   The ICTR is primarily made of three organs which are the Chambers and the Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Registry[52].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The jurisdiction of the ICTR is under the parameters of â€Å"genocide, crimes against humanity† and â€Å"violations of Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II†.   In relation with this, the crimes which are to be trialed are those executed between 1 January and 31 December 1994.   Those crimes to be included are those within Rwanda and in the territory of neighboring states which are significantly related to the alleged crimes[53].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However certain objections were made with regards to the laws set forth by the ICTR[54].   The first objection was against the decision regarding the jurisdiction on crimes limited to July 1994 rather than December 1994.   Critics claimed that such is because of the tribunal’s preference to cover earlier crimes and suspend temporal jurisdiction to retribution crimes against Hutus that were made on December.   The second objection was about the penalty that was accepted in Resolution 955 which was the highest form appears to be life imprisonment.   Such a statute was objected due to the argument that the Rwandan Penal Code allows the execution of death penalty.   The stand on the preference of the possibility of death penalty to be given against the leaders of the mass killings is so much important to the victims.   The third objection was with regard to the limitation of the crimes to be trialed as those of concerning genocide alone.   In effect of this, the killings that the Tutsi’s made after July would not be categorized as under the ICTR jurisdiction.   The fourth problem is with regard to the objection of the location of ICTR in Arusha stating that the â€Å"deterrent effect of the trial and the punishment will be lost if the trial and punishment will be lost if the trials were to be held hundreds of miles away from the scene of the crime†. [55] International Criminal Court (ICC)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The International Criminal Court was created on 2002 and is a permanent tribunal to trial cases and â€Å"crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression† as per Article 5 of its Statue.[56]   Ã‚  There have been a couple of appeals stating that crimes such as terrorism and drug trafficking must be included on the list of crimes that the court deals into. India has made a proposal to include the creation of the weapons of mass destruction, and nuclear weapons but such appeals to the court are defeated[57].   According to Article 11, the court only has jurisdiction after July 1, 2002 which was when the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court took effect.   The ICC is the â€Å"court of last resort† and will only trial cases of national origin when proved to be based on a faulty reasoning.   ICC has jurisdiction over matters wherein the accused belongs to a territory or state party that is under the national or territory of a state party.   After which Article 14 states that such a case will be referred by the United Nations to the ICC.   Since the court is made to function in juxtaposition of various national courts, ICC can only make take over the on the trial of certain crimes that national courts are unwilling to look into     The Article 17 of the Statute claims that â€Å"(a) The case is being investigated or prosecuted by a State which has jurisdiction over it, unless the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution;   Ã‚  Ã‚   (b) The case has been investigated by a State which has jurisdiction over it and the State has decided not to prosecute the person concerned, unless the decision resulted from the unwillingness or inability of the State genuinely to prosecute; (c) The person concerned has already been tried for conduct which is the subject of the complaint (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case is not of sufficient gravity to justify further action by the Court†[58]. Similar to the tribunals presented above, the ICC also does not excuse criminals who hold certain positions on the government office. As defined in Article 27 these individuals include â€Å"Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government†[59]   In relation with this, Article 28 of the Statute claims that the superiors of those criminals are held responsible for the crimes committed by the latter.    The military commander are held liable in grounds of having or not having the foreknowledge of the criminal acts to be conducted and the failure of the commander to prevent or to report to other individuals of high position the perceived criminal acts to be executed.   In relation with this, the military commander will be held responsible for the criminal acts of his subordinates, given the notion that the former did not properly exercise his control by disregarding the foreknowledge that he got, and also failure to exercise his power and control in order to prevent such acts.[60] The ICC as of April 2007 have a total of 41 countries signed the Roman Statute but a number of countries are still opposing on it.   According to the Article 3 of the Statute, the official seat of the court is in Hague Netherlands; however, it may hold proceedings at almost any place[61]. The Effectiveness of International Courts and Tribunals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barria and Roper provided an analysis on the effectiveness of the second generation international tribunals and also touching certain aspects of the effectiveness of international courts such as the ICC[62].   According to them, the assessment of the effectiveness of the ICTY and the ICTR are difficult to assess because they were established based on various rationales due to the argument that the Security Council perceived the said tribunals with a â€Å"multi-faceted mandate†[63]. Although it could be asserted that the basis for the creation of the ICTY and the ICTR are based on a specific statute such as the Resolution 955, it could be perceived that they have the two tribunals serve two different ends.   The ICTR is perceived to maintain peace and order, make sure that violations against human rights and various killings will be stopped, and eventually leading on the process of national reconciliation[64].   As such, Barria and Roper argued that ICTR’s two main goals are closely similar to the ICTY, other than that the ICTR included on its mandate the task of reconciliation among the two opposing national forces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On a closer analysis, the establishment of the ICTY and the ICTR does not necessarily provided an immediate deterrent effect on the nations and parties that are involved, however, such hopes on the deterrent nature of the court are still expected on the far future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, Barria and Roper criticized that international tribunals are not generally perceived as an avenue to maintain peace and order, however, newly established courts such as the ICC are perceived to have the capability of securing peace in the international community. Roberts, as cited in Barria and Roper have maintained that the ICTY and the ICTR are not really that successful in terms of maintaining peace and security[65].   More importantly, Shinoda as cited in Barria and Roper criticized the relationship of imposing justice on the notion of national peace and order.   As such, Shinoda argued: â€Å"Does justice really contribute to peace? Should we reject unjust peace even in post-conflict regions?†[66]   As such, Barria and Roper argued that ICTY was not able to establish peace and order on the former Yugoslavia as hostilities between Bosnian Serbs, Croats and Muslims still exist[67].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the case of the ICTR, revenge killings on the part of the Tutsi tribes are still in effect, as there is no cooperation on the part of national forces within the state of Rwanda.   As such, Barria and Roper argued that the success of the imposing of peace and order through the second generation tribunals will be only fully actualized if it gained support from the nations involved and the international society[68].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another significant criticism that was raised regarding the role of international tribunals was that of Cobban wherein she asserts that international tribunals besides the argument that they failed to dispense justice have due process that are long and expensive.   On the 25 indictments that the ICTR have done, more than $1 billion was the documented cost which makes every case cost around $40 million[69].    Conclusion International Court and Tribunals are created either to solve general conflicts and criminal cases or specific criminal cases of a particular country. These courts and tribunals are operational based on the laws, conventions and scope agreed upon and must be able to dispense justice in all possible cases.   However, issues emerge as how international courts and tribunals handle, resolve conflicts and spend their budget. The research has identifying the courts and tribunals which were created in order to resolve various conflicts and injustices that resulted because of armed conflicts.   The research has discussed the First Generation Tribunals i.e. Nuremberg Tribunal and the Tokyo Tribunal; the Second Generation Tribunals i.e. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Nuremberg Tribunal was responsible for the trial and prosecution of the political, military and economic leaders of Nazi Germany.   The said trial was made at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice on the city of Nuremberg Germany from 1945 to 1949.   Two sets of trials were made.   The first was the â€Å"Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 which comprises of the 24 most relevant leaders of the Nazis.   On the other hand, the Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Military Tribunals (NMT) on the other hand was for the lesser war criminals which included doctors and judges The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, also dubbed as the Tokyo Tribunal was created in response to the crimes committed by the leaders of the Japan Empire during the Second World War.   The jurisdiction among people   is limited to the criminals of the Far Eastern who as members of an organization or as an individual have committed a crime that is against peace. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or the ICTY was made on May 25 1993 by the Security Council Resolution 827 in order to trial the crimes that were made on the former Yugoslavia, more particularly on the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to protect international peace and security.   ICTY is located at Hague Netherlands.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ICTY has already indicted 161 individuals who are responsible for the crimes against international and humanitarian law The International Criminal Court for Rwanda (ICTR) was made on November 8, 1994 which is roughly 18 months after the ICTY was made.   The Security Council adopted the resolution 955   in order to trial the human rights abuses that resulted the conflict of two major tribes in Rwanda that resulted to genocide   between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994.   In addition with this, the neighboring states of Rwanda who have participated as well for the said genocide and other human rights violation were also subjected to the trials of the tribunal .  Ã‚   ICTR is located in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania . The International Criminal Court was created on 2002 and is a permanent tribunal to trial cases and â€Å"crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression† Barria and Roper provided an analysis on the effectiveness of the second generation international tribunals and also touching certain aspects of the effectiveness of international courts such as the ICC.   According to them, the assessment of the effectiveness of the ICTY and the ICTR are difficult to assess because they were established based on various rationales due to the argument that the Security Council perceived the said tribunals with a â€Å"multi-faceted mandate. Another significant criticism that was raised regarding the role of international tribunals was that of Cobban wherein she asserts that international tribunals besides the argument that they failed to dispense justice have due process that are long and expensive. References American Red Cross â€Å"FACING FEAR/6-8/Lesson Plan 8/Facts About Terrorism and War† (2001). American Red Cross, â€Å"1949 Geneva Conventions† http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a4214125673 9003e636b/fe20 c3d903ce27e3c125641e004a9 2f3 accessed 19 April 2007.   Avalon Project at Yale School, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Far East, (Article 5)† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imtfem.htm accessed 20 April 2007. Barria L and Ropper S, â€Å"How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Assessment of the ICTY and the ICTR, The International Journal of Human Rights September 2005, Vol. 9, No. 3, 349–368. Biddis M, â€Å"Victor’s Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal†, History Today (1995). â€Å"Causes of War†, http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/war/causes-of-war.html accessed on 18 April 2007. Cobban H , â€Å"International Courts†, Foreign Policy (2006) 22-28. Dilip Lahiri, 17 July 1998. Explanation of vote on the adoption of the Statute of the International Criminal Court. Embassy of India, Washington, D.C. Global Policy, â€Å"Tribunal Laws Made Simple†, http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/tribunals/yugo/2004/ictyintro.htm accessed 20 April 2007. International Criminal Court. â€Å"About the Court†, http://www.icc-cpi.int/about.html, accessed on 20 April 2007 Microsoft Encarta, â€Å"War Crimes Trial†, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 PICT-PCTI, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Former Yugoslvaia†, http://www.pict-pcti.org/courts/ICTY.html accessed 20 April 2007. Powers Rod, â€Å"Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)† (Guide to US Military) http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/loac.htm accessed 19 April 2007. Puja K, â€Å"Global Civil Society Remakes History:â€Å"The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal 2000†, Duke University, positions 9:3 Winter 2001, 611-618. â€Å"The Tokyo War Crimes Trial†, http://www.cnd.org/mirror/nanjing/NMTT.htmlaccessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations. â€Å"Key Figures of ICTY Cases†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance- e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda†, ictyhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/rwatrib.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"PART 2. JURISDICTION, ADMISSIBILITY AND APPLICABLE LAW† http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/2.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, PART 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW, Article 27†, http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/2.htm accessed 20 April 2007. United Nations, â€Å"Part 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COURT, Article 3†, http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/4.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [1] â€Å"Causes of War†, http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/war/causes-of-war.html accessed on 18 April 2007. [2] Ibid. [3] American Red Cross, â€Å"1949 Geneva Conventions† http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a4214125673 9003e636b/fe20 c3d903ce27e3c125641e004a9 2f3 accessed 19 April 2007. [4] American Red Cross â€Å"FACING FEAR/6-8/Lesson Plan 8/Facts About Terrorism and War† (2001). [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid on page 3. [7] Ibid. [8] Powers Rod, â€Å"Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)† (Guide to US Military) http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/wars/a/loac.htm accessed 19 April 2007. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid. [15] Microsoft Encarta, â€Å"War Crimes Trial†, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Ibid. [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid. [22] Ibid. [23] Ibid. [24] Biddis M, â€Å"Victor’s Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal†, History Today (1995). [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] Table taken from: Biddis M, â€Å"Victor’s Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal†, History Today (1995). [28] Avalon Project at Yale School, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Far East, (Article 5)† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imtfem.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [29] Puja K, â€Å"Global Civil Society Remakes History:â€Å"The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal 2000†, Duke University, positions 9:3 Winter 2001, 611-618. [30] â€Å"The Tokyo War Crimes Trial†, http://www.cnd.org/mirror/nanjing/NMTT.htmlaccessed 20 April 2007. [31] Ibid. [32] Avalon Project at Yale School, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Far East, (Article 6)† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imtfem.htm accessed 20 April 2007 [33] Ibid on Article 9. [34] Ibid on Article 16. [35] United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [36] United Nations. â€Å"Key Figures of ICTY Cases†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [37] PICT-PCTI, â€Å"International Military Tribunal for the Former Yugoslvaia†, http://www.pict-pcti.org/courts/ICTY.html accessed 20 April 2007. [38] [38] United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://www.un.org/icty/glance-e/index.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [39] Global Policy, â€Å"Tribunal Laws Made Simple†, http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/tribunals/yugo/2004/ictyintro.htm    accessed 20 April 2007. [40] Ibid. [41] Ibid. [42] Ibid. [43] Ibid [44] Ibid. [45] United Nations, â€Å"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda†, ictyhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/rwatrib.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [46] Barria L and Ropper S, â€Å"How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Assessment of the ICTY and the ICTR, The International Journal of Human Rights September 2005, Vol. 9, No. 3, 349–368. [47] United Nations, â€Å"General Information†, http://69.94.11.53/default.htm accessed 20 April 2007. [48] Ibid. [49] Barria L and Ropper S, â€Å"How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Assessment of the ICTY and the ICTR, The International Journal of Human Rights September 2005, Vol. 9, No. 3, 349–368 [50] Ibid. [51] Ibid.