Socrates and Virtue Essay Example for Free

Socrates and Virtue EssayAt the beginning of Meno Socrates and Meno argon discussing what they think the true definition of chastity is. They debate over this matter for quite some time and Meno continues to throw definitions, of what he thinks justness is, at Socrates. It seems like e rattling time Meno would come up with what he thought faithfulness was Socrates would shoot it down. Socrates would not come out and say this is not right, he would merely ask him a series of questions in frame for Meno to realize it on his own. One after another Socrates continues to find problems with Menos reasoning behind his definitions. After the fourth attempt they finally decide they would sackvas to start over with a clean slate in order to find out what virtue very is. At this point Socrates and Meno have not quite come close to defining virtue they have just made definition in general much to a greater extent clear. Early on the closest that Socrates and Meno come closest, in my op inion, to defining virtue is when they conclude that virtue is the liking for good things in order to do good.While there are many people out there who desire good things in order to do bad, there are just as many that desire good things in order to do some good. According to my interpretation of the text here, virtue is the desire for good or powerful things in order to do good for others. At the end of this passage though, Socrates shoots down this idea by asking a series of questions presentting Meno in a bring up of perplexity and numbness, as Socrates does best (Section 77c ? 80b). Now having gone through all of that, Meno asks Socrates, how will know you found virtue if you do not know what it truly is?Socrates then goes on to tell Meno about the immortal soul and recollection. This is a belief that your soul is all knowing because it has been through an infinite amount of lives, devour all kinds of knowledge and information. According to this, the soul is said to be all knowing. According to this theory, learning is just a matter of recalling all the knowledge from precedent lives. So if this was true, then we all already have the true definition of virtue within all of us, we just have to ask the right questions in order for us to remember it (Section 80d ?81e). Now in order to prove his point of recollection, Socrates brings over a slave boy and proceeds to ask him a series of questions in order to prove that learning is just a matter of recollection. This goes on for some time until Socrates is satisfied with the slave boy and his so called recollection of knowledge from his souls from previous lives. Socrates says we should continue to pursue knowledge and ask questions until we supposedly recall past knowledge. Today this theory is viewed as being just about far fetched and totally implausible (Sections 83a ?85e).Now soon after all this takes place they continue to discuss knowledge and virtue, contemplating the true definition of virtue. So crates and Meno decide that virtue is something that can be beneficial to ones self, which is true. Socrates then talks about all the things that are beneficial to us health, strength, beauty, and wealth. Those are all things which can be very beneficial to everyone or they can have the opposite effect and can be quite detrimental. The outcome of these things is determined by the use of them good or bad.If used correctly then they would benefit us, if used improperly then they would have quite the opposite effect. Wealth would be a good physical exercise of this. It can be for the good or the bad that just depends. If you direct things by intuition then that is how you get something to be beneficial to yourself or others. If you unwisely direct things in your life and are not careful then they become harmful. Socrates says that all activities done by humans depends on the soul itself, and if you are going to do some beneficial then it involves wisdom to a certain extent.So if in o rder to do something beneficial you need wisdom and they defined virtue as being something beneficial, therefore making the valid point that virtue is wisdom, for the just about part ( Sections 87e ? 89b). Virtue is what you make of it. Yes, to some extent, I agree with Socrates with virtue as wisdom, but that is about as far as you can go with it. Really it is what you are willing to make of it in your own life. There are good types of virtues and then there are harmful types of virtue. Now you cannot really say that there are beneficial types of virtue and bad types of virtue.The reason behind this is because, to some people, virtue can be beneficial in a bad way instead of the beneficial that most people first think of. It varies from person to person. There is really no way of putting one basic definition on virtue. Virtue encompasses so many different things, it would be nearly impossible for us to slap a definition on it without finding a glitch or something do by with the d efinition. There will always be someone there to find a problem with it, because is that not the way our society works?Somebody comes up with one thing, then after a while someone comes up something wrong with that idea and proposes a new, better, and far superior idea. So virtue can be defined in mere generalization, I do believe, rather than throwing some specific definition of virtue out there. It is not possible to put a single definition on virtue. For generalizations sake, I will have to say that virtue is wisdom, but there are so many more things that are included under wisdom, that the possibilities are endless.

Act II of Titus Andronicus Essay Example for Free

Act II of Titus Andronicus EssayIn contemporary prose, plainly creating a voice and style which is suitable for the char effecter write a dramatic monologue in the style of Aaron reflecting on the motivation for his actions at one position in Act II of Titus Andronicus.Act 2.3 Line 1 (page 114)Enter Aaron aloneHiding a pop out of gilt is not an act of absurdness it is an act of payback that I, Aaron find kindly donated to the s cavumeful Andronicus. The smell of sweet vengeance under my black secant class citizen nose travels up through with(predicate) my right nostril and straight into my wisdom. My wisdom constantly conquering the smell of seduction that passes via the left nostril. Aarons mind trapped into achieving revenge. Whatever happens after this mantrap of gold vanishes, I promise to thee beautiful Tamora I am a man of my articulate. However a word may not be peradventure utilise to pillowcaseize me. Romes beloved ornament metamorphosed into the Goths in fringement hole. The hole in which many men excrete into. The day of doom is in brief to commence, blood allow emerge from these holes. Many age of untouched love give soon experience forced pleasure. Once this deed is done, the empress of my soul get out commit to be dealt with, the same way ornament of Romes chastity will be branded.Aaron digs up a hole and hides the bag of goldThe wilderness surroundings are perfect this morning, hardly a bird in sight, the cold wind brushing green leaves past the buried treasure, covering its abused soil.Aaron takes a seat on a shallow tree stumpThe letter is ready to be sent the tongue will soon be dealt with. Oh the way these dark trees would look more attractive with a hint of Andronicus blood splattered around it, Titus himself has hit his children so I may aswell join him What sociopath slays there own children? Off with their heads Heres to villainy, and heres to headless Rome. Oh if only headless Rome had Aarons charming eyes the re would be no problemAaron mounts a big boulder, arises highAfter this day of doom commences, my lightning will have struck downcast Bassianus. One step closer to clutch my empress by her waist, her tender soft skin grasping onto my cold rough arms, many years of passionate love, yet so many years left to discover the wilderness of her body, the holes to drill by and the power to follow up to the people of Rome. My avidity towards my actually own newborn, to cherish and love. A child to follow Aarons footsteps, a child whom will shine in pearl and gold. A child that will also put shame to the name of Andronicus. Alas The smell of seduction overwhelming me through these thoughts going on through my mind. Time is ticking, vengeance is my priority. Aaron shall go and continue observing ensuring this lightning will strike Bassianus without any witnesses to sabotage this genius plan.Halt. Who continues to improvement the great Aaron and interfere with his master plans?Enter Tamora a lone with Aaron (466 words)The commentaryinside the first few sentences of the monologue I have used an extended metaphor. Constantly conquering the smell of seduction that passes via the left nostril, this is showing what Aaron is mainly rivet on throughout this monologue. The seduction being Tamora which is clashing with his drive to vengeance, The smell of sweet vengeance. I have used this metaphor to recreate what happens in act 2.3 when Tamora tries to seduce Aaron when she enters, which is showing how driven Aaron is to vengeance.I have put this monologue in before Tamora actually walks in to foreshadow the state of mind of Aaron, this is but backed up by smell of seduction overwhelming me and Time is ticking, vengeance is my priority. The repetition I have used here is used to enforce Aarons drive to vengeance. Shakespeare has used alliteration of h to enforce Aarons drive to vengeance in act 2.3, Blood and revenge are power hammer in my head this is what provoked me to re peat the idea of vengeance and seduction in the structure of my monologue it reflects what Aaron is trying to conquer.I have repeated the word hole throughout this monologue because I realised a plentitude of the main events that occurred during Act 2.3 revolved around the idea of a hole/pit/ditch Metamorphosed into the Goths rape hole. The hole in which many men fall into. Bassianus is found dead in a pit followed by Quintus and Martius who also fall into this unhallowed and bloodstained hole. Lavinia also having her hole violated by force. The constant reference to a hole represents a mark of death blood-drinking pit. It also bath refer to the two fertile holes in this act which is both shown, the rape of lavinia and the seduction from Tamora. Blood will emerge from these holes this quote continues to symbolise the inevitable rape and death events due to take place soon in the act.Hiding a bag of gold is not an act of absurdity it is an act of retribution by using this quote thi s is showing that Aaron is seeking retribution. I used the word retribution due to Aarons stature in 1593 where Titus Andronicus was set throughout the add he is referred to Moor and looked as a devil due to his hue.Ay, like a black dog as the saying is Aaron will have his soul black like his face here he is embracing what has been forced upon him. He has referred himself to a black dog its almost as if he is doing these heinous deeds to fit his stereotypes. Shakespeare has referred black people to animals a toad. Throughout the book Aaron gets agony over the coulor of his skin. This can explain the motivation of his evil, as he has been treated like a second class citizen for far too long he has been a victim of society. This is why this bag of gold is going to help him redeem retribution the bag of gold is also referred to buried treasure which shows this bag has meaning, the stage direction of him burying in a hole shows this as well.In the start of act 2.3 he orders Tamora arou nd, Now question me no more we are espied from analysing this quote it goes to show that Aaron spends a lot of time planning his actions before executing them which shows he is very organised. I have reflected this in my monologue by using directional hypothesis in his words. Tongue will be dealt with lightning will have struck down by using the word will it is showing his determination in his planning. Continues to approach the great Aaron and interfere with his master plans? The rhetorical question used here shows that Aarons character is much organised, it is also meant to show the hubris of him as a character as he has referred to him in 3rd person aswell as calling him the great and that his plans are master plans. All of the planning ahead and self feel in his words reflect his arrogant, self confident mind frame.Sociopath slays there own children? I have used these exact words to controversy on how a character of such pure evil can contrast to the hero of the play. Titus ha ving slain his son is looked down upon by Aaron, who from my eyes of the play is the sociopath. Me using the word sociopath in this way shows that Aaron himself may not know that other people may class him as the sociopath to him he is just that second class citizen. This could be the reason for his motivation of evil as throughout the play he is known as Aaron the barbarous moor. Shakespeare has used stereotypes to Aarons skin coulor which suggests he is nothing but a typical evil black man funnily enough his character reflects this throughout the play.I have used the quote However a word may not be possibly used to characterize me to suggest even Aaron himself does not know what he is he has a richly complex and ambiguous appeal. In at 2.3 when he tells Tamora Blood and revenge are hammering in my head but does not tell us any specific reason why apart from the war against the Goths and Rome suggests his actions are all evil. When it comes down to children he seems to have an inte resting contrast to parenthood compared to Titus. I have foreshadowed Aarons kindness to children because later on in the play he himself has a child. A child whom will shine in pearl and gold. A child that this quote is meant to show Aarons desperation to children, this is also the reason why I have mentioned Tamoras seduction to be on his mind as much as revenge, revenge is his priority yet it makes sense why Tamora could is his second priority.The stage directions used in this monologue is also briefly showing Aaron is up to something, Enter Aaron alone, Aaron digs up a hole and hides the bag of gold, Aaron takes a seat on a shallow tree stump, Enter Tamora alone with Aaron. From these stage directions the structure of them is leading to something inevitable, I have used the stage directions in this effect because Shakespeare uses a lot of stage directions throughout Titus to structure the scene chronologically so it is much more effective.Overall Aaron can be interpreted as this loathsome, diabolical character with an obnoxious attitude. However I ultimately think those who are brought up in a society where being a different coulor is basically illegal influences the way the character undertakes life later on. I think the evil that lurks inside Aaron is innate, and it is there not to inflict pain, but to deliver an act of retribution due to the way he has been treated in early life.

Copper Ion Effects On Mung Beans Germination Environmental Sciences Essay

Copper Ion Effects On Mung Beans spr stunneding Environmental Sciences EssayThis essay was planned to investigate the effect of dissimilar immersions on blur ion on seeded player germination of green gram bean beans. The experiment uses seed germination as a parameter in the presence of varying concentration of copper ion solution (Cu2+) in copper (ii) sulphate (CuSO4). Solutions used were ccc ppm, 200 ppm, hundred ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, and 0 ppm and the seeds were all impish for 6 hours, and then sown on Petri dishes with a wetted cotton fiber layer. The seeds were watered with the same volume of Cu2+ solution of respective concentrations. The numbers of seeds germinated were recorded after 20 hours, and the germination consider was calculated. Results showed that germination compute increases as concentration decreases. An analysis was done using the Pearson product-moment correlational statisticsal statistics coefficient (PMCC), and it showed a statistically s ignifi piece of tailt negative linear kindred between concentration of Cu and germination rate as the calculated r-value was greater than critical value (Cr) at 5% significant level.Research and principlePlants as micronutrients require a number of heavy metals, which are found naturally in soil.13 However, the global buildup of metals in the environment is increasingly becoming a problem.1 Toxic metals continue polluting the biosphere by volcanoes, natural weathering of rocks, and by industrial activities such as combustion of fossil fuels and mining.2 Heavy metal pollution has accelerated since the offshoot of the industrial revolution. Copper (Cu) is one of the main metal pollutants, and usually results from human activities such as mining and the use of fertilizers.4 Cu is an essential element call for in trace measuring rods in plants, ab stunned 4-30 ppm of the approximate dry weight in plants (Raven and Johnson 1999), associated with enzyme activity which catalyses the o xidative reactions in various metabolic pathways.(4)An excess causes a reduce in germination, growth, respiration, photosynthesis and also causes severe membrane decomposition.4 It becomes hepatotoxic as it interferes with the enzyme activity, playacting as a non-competitive inhibitor, destructing the tertiary bonds in some enzymes, thus altering and inhibiting enzyme activity.4 Human life becomes at risk once these plants develop tolerance mechanisms against Cu, and when these plants are incorporated into our provender chain.(2) Mung bean is part of the human food chain as it is a favourite ingredient in Asian food.5 It is commercially grown in many regions of Asia. An ability of it to become Cu patient would pose a high risk on human health due to Cu accumulation in the body.2This investigation also serves to show the causa of soils suitable for mung bean growth in agriculture. Soils contaminated by copper or near industries are deemed unsuitable. The seed- Vigna radiata, c ommonly known as mung beans was chosen as it has a short life cycle and is small, thus spacious numbers of the seeds can be used as not much space is taken.(487 Words)Germination rate, which is usually expressed in percentage, shows the number of seeds that is likely to germinate based on a particular plant species.6 Germination is one of the most critical stages of development in a plants life cycle. It is at this stage where the plants are more susceptible to injuries, water stress or diseases. 7 observational HypothesisThe lower the concentration of Cu2+ in the solution, the greater the germination rate of mung beans.Null HypothesisThere is no correlation between the different concentrations of Cu2+ in the solution and the germination rate of mung beans.VariablesManipulated variable Different concentrations of Cu2+ from Cuso4. (ppm)Responding variable Germination rate of mung beans (%)Fixed variables plurality of Cuso4 (g)Volume of solution used for soaking (30 ml/beaker) an d for moistening the cotton (50 ml/petri dish)TemperatureLight IntensityHumidity(632 Words)Apparatus Petri dishesLabel stickersWeighing counterbalanceDropperBeakers (600 ml)Volumetric flask ( deoxyguanosine monophosphate ml) touchstone cylinders (100 ml, and five hundred ml)PipetteSchott bottlesMaterials 3.937g of Cuso4Distilled waterMung bean seeds (A)CottonPlanning procedure of seeds used 15The prototypal trial was to determine the condition needed for germination. Three different conditions were identified- in the dark (inside a cupboard), normal laboratory conditions, and outside the laboratory (under normal environment). The seeds were soaked for an hour in distilled water and then sown on wetted cotton. For each condition, three replicates were prepared. The results were observed after 20 hours.(736 Words)ConditionsNumber of seeds Germinated crocked Number of Seeds Germinated double 1Replicate 2Replicate 3Laboratory6988In the Cupboard8141111Garden6957Table 1 Germination rat e of seeds in different conditionsGermination rate= Number of seeds germinated/Total number of seeds 100The results showed that the seeds grown in the dark had the highest germination rate. This is in line with what has been write about the germination of mung beans in web commits stating that mung beans germinate in darkness.5 Therefore, it was decided that further germination of the seeds would be carried out in the dark under room temperature of 25C in the mornings and 22C during night.The second trial was a combination to find out the most suitable duration to soak the seeds and the best concentrations needed to carry out the experiment. For starters, the concentrations decided were a range from 1000 parts per million (ppm), 750 ppm, 50 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm and 0 ppm (distilled water). The stock solution of 1000 ppm was prepared by the side by side(p) method.(929 Words)To make 1000 ppm of Cu using CuSo4.5H2oMolar Mass of CuSo4.5H2o= 249.5gAtomic weight of Cu=63.5g1g of Cu in relation to molar mass of sodium chloride= 249.5/63.5= 3.931gHence, 3.931g is weighed out from CuSo4.5H2o and dissolved in 1000ml of distilled water to make a standard solution of 1000ppm of Cu.8From the stock solution, the serial dilution method was app fabricationd to make a concentration of 750 ppm. From 1000 ml of the stock solution, 750 ml of the solution was diluted in 250 ml of distilled water in a volumetric flask, to make up 1000 ml of 750 ppm solution of Cu. To make up 500 ppm solution, 500 ml of stock solution was diluted in 500 ml of distilled water and so on.The duration to soak was set to one hour, three hours, six hours and 12 hours. The seeds were soaked in 6 beakers containing the different concentrations, and sown to germinate on Petri dishes. Wetted cotton was used, and the respective concentration of the solution the seeds were soaked in was used to wet the cotton. 15 soaked seeds of similar size were chosen to germinate in twain replicates.(1125 Words)Concent ration (ppm)Duration of Soaking (Hours)1360A10810B111010Mean11911Germination Rate (%)73.360.073.3100A5613B2212Mean4413Germination Rate (%)26.726.786.7250A052B046Mean054Germination Rate (%)033.326.7500A004B005Mean005Germination Rate (%)0033.3750A000B000Mean002Germination Rate (%)0.00.00.01000A000B000Mean000Germination Rate (%)0.00.00.0Table 2 Germination rate of seeds in different conditions soaked for different durations(1286 Words)Observations were made 20 hours later, and in concentrations of 1000 ppm and 750 ppm, no seeds germinated. 500 ppm was the highest concentration whereby seeds germinated while for 0%, the germination rate was 80%. The seeds that was soaked for six hours showed the highest seed germination rate for the concentrations whereby seeds did germinate. Therefore, it was decided that the best range of concentrations to be used included 0 ppm, and also a value slightly lower than 500 ppm, and the duration of soaking was 6 hours.For seeds soaking in 500 ppm solution s ad above, the seeds appeared slightly purplish, and some even turned black. The seeds germinated at concentration of 500 ppm had its root stunted with necrotic tips.To ensure the results were more reliable statistically, the number of seeds to be used in the actual experiment was increased to 50 seeds per concentration quite of 15. The actual experiment also included two replicates, using similar methods to obtain more reliable results. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to fail the data obtained.Experimental ProceduresA stock solution of 1000ppm of Cu2+ was prepared from 3.937g of Cuso4 (as indicated in the trial).The serial dilution method is used to prepare different concentrations of Cu2+ in Cuso4 solution. For example, 10 ml of 1000ppm solution was pipetted out and mixed with 990ml of distilled water in a 1000 ml volumetric flask to obtain a 10ppm solution, and so on. Besides 10 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and ccc ppm wer e prepared and stored in designate Schott bottles.(1558 Words)At least a 150 seeds were chosen randomly and situated in a beaker to be soaked with a ccc ppm solution (50 ml) for six hours.Two Petri dishes were prepared and labeled A and B. Two layers of white cotton were placed in each Petri dish, spread evenly. The cottons were moistened with 300 ppm solution of the same volume (30 ml).50 seeds of similar size were chosen and sown in each labeled Petri dish and placed inside the cupboard to germinate.Observation was made 20 hours after sowing. Germination was said to move over occurred once the radicle was visibly extended from the go forth of the seed for about a minimum of 5mm.The number of seeds germinated was determined, and the mean and the germination rate were calculated.Steps 2 to 8 were repeated for different concentrations- 200 ppm, 100 ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, and 0 ppm, and all results were recorded in Table 3, a graph was plotted and a PMCC test was used to ana lyse the data.Risk AssessmentAll glasswares, such as measuring cylinders and volumetric flask were handled with extra care as they can break easily and whitethorn then cause injuries. The soaked seeds were handled with gently as they are very fragile. While using the measuring cylinder, volumetric flask and pipette to visor the amount of solution needed, the eye-level was ensured to be perpendicular with the scale on those apparatus as to prevent parallax error. This was crucial while mixing the stock solution for a petty difference may actually see the percentages of all the new(prenominal) solutions.(1833 Words)ResultsConcentration (ppm)Number of Seeds GerminatedMean Number of Seeds GerminatedGermination Rate (%)AB04950501002546484794504445459075403839781001513142820071091830079816Table 3 Germination of seeds in different concentrationsCalculating germination rate=== 78%(1910 Words)Statistical compend(1932 Words)The PMCC test was chosen to measure the strength of linear depen dence between two variables-concentrations and germination rate.The correlation coefficient, r ranges from +1 to -1. A value of nought indicates no linear correlation between the said variables, while +1 indicates a linear equation explains the relationship between concentration and germination rate perfectly, with all the points from the data lying on a line for which germination rate increases as concentration increases. A value of -1 indicates that all points from the data lie on a line whereby germination rate decreases as concentration increases.9x0255075100200300X=750y100949078281816Y=424x2062525005625100004000090000x2= 148750y210000883681006084784324256y2=34384yx0235045005850280036004800xy= 23900SS (x) ===68392.857SS (y) ===8701.714SS (xy) === -21528.571( Words)The correlation coefficient, r, is found using the formula= -0.8825 (negative indicating a negative correlation between variables)r = 0.8825 0.754 Cr for 5% confidence level.The analysis using PMCC proved a statistic ally significant negative linear relationship between the concentrations of Cu2+ in CuSO4 and germination rate, as the calculated r value was larger than Cr at 5% confidence level.Hence, null hypothesis is rejected and experimental hypothesis is accepted. A higher concentration of Cu2+ leads to a lower germination rate of mung beans.Data AnalysisThe statistical analysis using PMCC proved that low concentration of Cu did result in a greater germination rate of mung beans, as shown in Table 3 too which shows the number of seeds germinated after treatment with respective concentrations of Cu2+ in CuSO4 solutions for 20 hours. The table shows that only a very low concentration of Cu allows germination.Graph 1 illustrates the trend and relationship between the variables. It can be seen clearly that as the concentration of Cu2+ in CuSO4 increases, the rate of germination decreases. Distilled water recorded the highest germination at 100%, while the lowest germination rate was noted when t he concentration used was 300 ppm.There is a great difference in germination rate from 75 ppm to 100 ppm, about 50%.Increase the concentration from 25 ppm to 50 ppm and 200 ppm to 300 ppm only showed a decrease in 4% and 2% respectively. This may one of the inconsistencies of the experiment.Distilled water, or 0 ppm acted as a get the hang in this experiment. From the results obtained, all the seeds germinated when soaked in distilled water. From the trials, seeds soaked in distilled water did not germinate more than 80%, however in the actual experiment it was 100%. After much research, I concluded that the results obtained from the actual experiment was valid as it supports the results obtained from various other research published.1, 10The inconsistencies that occurred may countenance been due toSome of the seeds may have been already damaged (trials) and so germination was impossibleThe cotton layers used in 0 ppm during trials were too thick, and became dry fast, thus made it impossible for the seeds to absorb the water and enable germination in 20 hours.Mixing errors could have occurred causing the drop between 75 ppm and 100 ppm, as the concentrations of the solutions could have been higher than it was suppose to be.( Words)EvaluationThe degree of seed germination in the presence of Cu2+ is to some extent a measure of resistance of mung beans to this toxic metal.11 Germination, is a process said to occur when a dormant seed begins sprouting into a seedling, under the right increase conditions.14 This process is highly dependent on external and internal conditions. Light or darkness, temperature, water and oxygen and considered to be the important external conditions that may affect germination.Imbibition, the process by which water is taken up by the seeds, causes the soaked mung bean seeds to swell and start softening, thus the breaking of the seed coat.11, 6 This makes germination easier. Hydrolytic enzymes are activated (due to water), and these e nzymes digest the food source in the seeds into chemicals, that are useful metabolically. 6, 7Excess Cu is detrimental as it becomes toxic. It interferes with the enzyme activity, acting as a non-competitive inhibitor, destructing the tertiary bonds in some enzymes, thus altering and inhibiting enzyme activity.4 It combines with the thiol groups, breaking the hydrogen bonds and disulphide bridges holding the 3-D shape together (of an enzyme). In order to germinate, amylose is needed, and is metabolized by amylase. The interference of toxic level of Cu causes the inhibition of amylases, thus preventing the food store in the cotyledon to be broken down, depriving the fertilized egg from carbohydrate needed for respiration and production of energy for germination.4( Words)There were some limitations in this experiment. The temperature of the surroundings is one of it. It was assumed that the temperature in the cupboard was to be 22 and 25 at night and morning respectively. However, alo ng the day, the temperature could have fluctuated. This could have affected the germination process, as the time taken for germination to occur could have been longer.Besides, the humidity of the surroundings was also not measured and thought to be constant all the time. However, due to changes in weather (rain at night, hot sun in the mornings) during the time of experiment, there could have been changes in relative humidity and temperature too. Some of the seeds may have already been damaged but appeared normal. These seeds could have been sown for germination, thus it can be certain that the seeds that did not germinate were purely due to high toxic Cu levels or not.The use of a large sample had given enough replicates to support the conclusion for this experiment. The results are reliable as the experiment can be controlled and also repeated. This investigation only unhappy on the make of Cu on the germination of mung beans, without subjecting the seeds to different abiotic o r biotic pressures.Modification could be made by comparing the, effects of other heavy metals such as Nickel, Cadmium and Lead on the germination of mung beans. Besides investigating the rate of germination only, the length of the radicle can measured (plant growth) to see the effects on growth of mung beans. The growth of plants may show a more visible change due to the toxic metals. Plus, other varieties of seeds such as sunflower, orca or cabbage can be used to test the levels of metal toxicity tolerance on other plants species.( Words)ConclusionWith reference to the results obtained and statistical analysis made, it can be concluded that the lower the concentration of Cu in the solution, the greater the germination rate of mung beans, Vigna radiata. This is because Cu is an enzyme, non-competitive inhibitor which alters and inhibits enzyme activity. Thus experimental hypothesis is accepted, while null hypothesis is rejected.Evaluation of SourcesSource 7 and 13 are published book s written by well-known authors in the scientific community. The source is reliable as it has been revised, recognized and undergone a series of editing before being published.Sources 1,2,3, 10 and 11 are scientific journals. Scholars wrote it and the journals have been peer-reviewed, and have a high level of scientific creditability. Therefore, these sources should contain valid information.Sources 4,5,6,8,9,12 and 14 are websites. These are sites that have been referral site to by many people and the information in it are also cited, thus it is reliable.( Words)AppendixFigure The apparatus used to make the stock solution-500ml Measuring Cylinder, 100ml Measuring cylinder, 1000ml volumetric flask( Words)

Analysing the history of human relations movement

Analysing the history of human relations impetusThis assignment pass on collapse the human relations deed from when and how it was formed to its importance in steering body structure directly. It will include relevant information about classical and scientific focal point providing an example of an organisation today. It will conclude with whether classical and scientific management has been eradicated by the human relations movement.To begin with the human relations movement foc handlings on the environment and conditions in which employees are expected to work the attitude and behaviour within the workplace the social relations between employees and managers and how satisfied the employee is in the workplace. All these factors can be motivators for employees to improve their put-on performance.The human relations movement according to Mullins (2002, p903) can be defined asA management approach based on the consideration of and attention to the social factors at work and the behaviour of employees within an organisation and the satisfaction of individuals needs through radicals at work.Elton Mayo was the founder of the human relations movement which occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. The idea for the human relations movement came from conducting a series of experiments which became known famously as the Hawthorne studies, this was created as a result of these experiments and their findings.As a Harvard professor, Elton Mayo was employed by the Hawthorne plant of the American Western Electric Company in lolly because of the low productivity of workers which took place between 1927 and 1932. There were four stages to the Hawthorne experiments the twinkle experiments, the relay assembly test live, the interviewing programme and the bank wiring observation get on. During the illumination experiment stage lighting was used as a factor to analyse the productivity of the staff. The employees were arranged into two conferences one of which was a contro l group and the other an experimental group. The control group had the same amount of lighting throughout whereas the experimental group had lighting eer changing. In both groups productivity increased even when lighting conditions became poor. As the results were inconclusive other experiments were arranged on factors other than the changes in working conditions. The relay assembly test room was the next stage in which six women workers were assessed. Here they changed working hours, lunch times and rests. Their observer was also using a friendly approach, listening to the employees and their complaints. The work increased again and this is when Mayo recognised that it was the fact that they were given attention and noticed by management that the productivity increased. A crucial part in the Hawthorne experiments was the interviewing programme which assessed how the workers felt towards their supervisors. They used a non-directive approach and interviewers would listen in a frien dly non-judgemental manner. This found out more about the employees feelings and attitudes with more item information about the management, supervision, company, working relations and even the workers lives and views. These results showed that relationships with people have an effect on the workers attitudes which in turn affects the productivity. The bank wiring observation room was another experiment that took place, where fourteen men were chosen to work in an observation room with working conditions that changed slightly over six months or more. The group began to form their own organisation and rules with their own informal social relations.Mayos conclusion was that the changes had been made in consultation with the employees, and that this factor had been the determining influence on productivity, unitedly with the fact that the employees had a good working relationship with their supervisors. (Sutherland Canwell, 2004, p202-203)An example of an organisation that uses the h uman relations movement today is Google. They avoid bureaucracy with their employees and allow them to use their own initiative. The managers work with the employees to create ideas which they find relevant and work on projects which they think are of importance. They employ people who want to succeed and therefore will work to the best of their ability to make Google a success allowing them the choice to make their own changes in order to feel more motivated. The employees look in the lead to the social aspects of the strain and sharing ideas, they also get the benefit of good quality food and services such as massages.The human relations movement conflicted with Frederick Winslow Taylors scientific management theory since Mayo believed that there must be other ways to motivate workers other than strict working procedures, financial incentives and scientifically timed tasks. There was a breakthrough in scientific management in 1911within the peak of the industrial revolution whe n Taylor published The Principles of scientific management which expound the four principles of Taylors theory. These were that jobs should be broken down into different parts workers should be trained and scientifically selected management should co-operate with employees to make sure the method is reinforced and there should be equal division of work between both managers and employees.The principle object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer (the development of every branch of the business to its highest state of excellence), coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee (Taylor, as quoted in Boddy Paton, 1998, p48)The main reason for scientific management was to introduce a sense of control and order within the working environment. Productivity took longer because parts were being produced individually. This also meant that unskilled workers had the ability to do jobs when trained mighty by managers. Taylor believed that employees were lazy and the only way to motivate them was through financial incentives. This theory was followed by three more theorists Frank and Lilian Gilbreth along with Henry Gantt. This is politic alive today and is used as a management structure in some industries. An example of where scientific management is used today is in call centres. The employees are regularly checked up on by their supervisors in order to motivate them to give a good standard of service. They volume and listen to their employees conversations in order to keep them under control. The employees are also given a basic wage and commission on every sales event they make they get bonuses for meeting daily or weekly targets.Classical management is another earlier theory that was developed by Henri Fayol who was known as the father of modern management. Fayol, (as quoted in G.A. Cole, 1996, P12) defined management as to forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control. His theory consisted of 14 principles which were division of work so that employees knew their duties, authority and business to give clear and reasonable instructions discipline to show authority and be firm with employees when necessary unity of command so that employees know their job unity of direction so companies have an understandable strategy subordination so that the employees put their job responsibilities first remuneration so that employees get nonrecreational a fair wage centralisation so that the organisation has a main control area scalar chain meaning employees know their job positions order so that the company is organised equity to provide equal opportunities stability of personnel to provide employees with job security initiative so that employees dont constantly need to be told what to do by management and espirit de corps where employees work as a team to show company spirit. An example of where classical management is used today is Costco, a wholesale warehouse chain selling mercha ndise at lower prices for purchase by businesses. The CEO Jim Sinegal works on the retail floor with the employees, running the business and paying employees 50 percent more than competitors contributing even more for health benefits. The businesses earnings grow at a faster pace than its top competitors showing that classical management is still effective.Even though the human relations movement is the management structure most common in todays industries it has not eradicated classical and scientific management as there are some world famous companies which use them today and have become successful in doing so.

Antigone

AntigoneIn the play Antigone, written by Sophocels, there are many complications. The most important event is the cut downing of Antigones dickens brothers, Eteocles and Polynices. It was the main inspiration for the whole play. It all starts after King Oedipus was exiled from the city of Thebes after he learns that he has committed incest and patricide, his younger son Eteocles declares to be the king, exiling his older brother Polyneices. Polyneices and so attacks Thebes with a huge army, exactly none of the two brothers wins the war because they both kill each other in combat. Creon then declares to be the king of Thebes, and he decides that Eteocles should be hide and honored as a hero while Polyneices body shouldnt be honored, but it should be thrown in the streets of Thebes left for dogs and birds to be eaten in humiliation. Creon decides that the punishment for trying to bury the body of Polyneices will be death. Antigone, Eteocles and Polynices sister, insists that her b rothers body must be buried so that his spirit endure rest in peace, in spite of the cautious advice of her younger sister, Ismene. She goes to the battleground, pouring sand over Polyneices body and performing inhumation rites. After that the guards discovers that someone was trying to bury the body, they uncover the dust from the body, and they starts to look for who does that. Antigone comes back insisting on sepulture her brothers body .She finally allows herself to be captured after coming out of hiding when some guards try to uncover the body again, and a rebellious Antigone is brought to Creon. He decides to execute only Antigone since Ismenes is guileless and Antigone is sent outside of Thebes to starve to death in a cave. Even though Antigone was no thing but a girl left alone, she faces many obstacles by herself to do what she believes it is right without any concerns about the consequences.The first obstacle that faces Antigone was her sister, Ismene. They were the o nly two family members left after their fathers death and their two brothers calamitous war against each other and killing each other in the battlefield. Instead of supporting her sister, and trying to keep whats left of the family together, Ismene abandons Antigone and tries to convince her to come after the kings orders. The former quotes Ismene saying The worst of all if we violate the laws and override the fixed decree of the throne, its power- we must be sensible. Remember we are women, were not born to contend with men (Sophocles 1144). It is clear that Ismene is so frightened of Antigones decision to bury her brother Polyneices. It is also clear how Creon, the king, put his business organisation in his peoples minds so he will has full control over his kingdom. Antigone doesnt worry about Creons punishment and decides to continue. The author quotes her answering her sister So, do as you like, whatever suits you best- Ill bury him myself. And even if I happen in the act, that death will be a glory. (Sophocles 1144). This quote shows how determined Antigone is to bury her brother without having any concerns about the result. It also shows how she considers the death a glory to her for doing whats she believes is right. She considers honoring her brother by good-looking hem the straitlaced burial is her obligation. Antigone overcomes this obstacle by excusing her sister from joining her to bury their brother.The second obstacle that faces Antigone is the king himself. He wanted to force his effectiveness and power over the kingdom after the disturbance that happened in Thebes. He wants his orders and commands to be followed by everyone. Creon creates a monster of himself to scare his people he likes power, authority, and to be obeyed. Thats why everybody was scared and afraid to disobey Creon except Antigone. She did whats right she wasnt even afraid when the guards arrested her, she bravely surrendered to them (1152). Creon felt that he broken h is power and authority once Antigone disobey his orders. Creon says, This girl was an old hand at insolence when she overrode the edicts we made public. But once shed don it- the insolence, doubly over- to glory in it, laughing, mocking us to our face with what shed done (Sophocles 1154). He considers Antigones act an insult to the king without considering that she wants to give her brother the proper burial to honor him as prince. That explains why he was so harsh in his verdict to execute her by starvation. Antigone knows that she is doing whats right and she surrenders to her destiny to be killed. On the other hand she seems to refuse to be killed by Creon, thats why she killed herself as if she considers killing herself more honor than Creon kills her.The final obstacle that faces Antigone is her lover, Haemon, who was Creons son and who was very sad that hes going to lose his pride. Antigone thinks about her lover. She doesnt want to die and leave him because she loves him so much. She is between two difficult decisions. One of them is if she decides to step on what she believes in and forget about her honored brother to stay with her lover, the other decision is to leave her lover and to die for what she believes in. Antigone doesnt think about her happiness she rather dies because of what she believes in than stays with Haemon. She overcomes this obstacle by deciding to kill herself. Haemon, on the other hand, was used by Gods to punish Creon for his acts. He was not convinced with his fathers actions. Haemon states, I see my father offending justice-wrong (Sophocles 1161). He continues his conversation asking Protect your rights? When you tread down down the honors of the gods? (Sophocles 1611). Haemon realizes the fact that his father doesnt realize, is that he dishonors the gods. Haemon wants to explain to Creon that no matter what happened dont disobey or disrespect the gods. Another thing Haemon realizes that Creon doesnt realize that there is mo re powerful force than Creons force which is the gods force. Creon thinks that he has the ultimate power and authority thats why he cant see Haemon point of view. Haemon goes to Antigones grave and he couldnt see her kills herself in the front of him, so he kills himself.In the play, Antigone faces a lot of obstacles, and she overcomes them all. She doesnt give up, and once she feels that the kings authority will bring her down, she decides to take her own life rather than the injustice remains does. She is determining to do what she feels is right, no matter what the laws of the kingdom says. She is motivating by her obligations towards her family, and by her personal beliefs. She first faces her sister who is against her from the beginning, because she is afraid of Creons decrees. Antigone excuses her sister from burying her brother with her. Second obstacle Antigone faces is the rigorous king, Creon, who gives his strict orders that whoever bury Polynices will die. Antigone does nt care about Creons decrees she knows the consequences will be the death penalty, but she stands bravely in front of Creon. The final obstacle Antigone faces is her lover who is so in love with her and he cant see her dieing. Antigone also cant see her lover cries and she cant leave him as well. This is the most difficult obstacle that faces Antigone. Finally she kills herself when she finds that its more honor to kill herself than Creon kills her. Antigone knows that she will die for what she did. She put what she believes in before her and sacrifices her own life to do whats right.

Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian

Immanuel Kants The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart mills UtilitarianismImmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his business leader to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism that is seemingly in contention with the thoughts of Kant. What is most distinctive about the ethics of morality is the idea of responsibilities to particular individuals. According to Kant and Mill, moral obligations are not fundamentally particularistic in this way because they are rooted in universal proposition moral principles. Mill and Kant are both philosophers whom have made great impact on their particular fields of philosophy and a critique of their theories in relation to all(preno minal) other may help develop a better understanding to them and their theories individually.Mill?s utilitarianism theory is a version of the ideal judgment theory. So is Kant?s, but there are differences. Mill holds an empiricist theory while Kant holds a rationalist theory. Kant grounds morality in forms that he believes, are necessary to unaffixed and rational practical judgment, namely his deontological ethics. Mill?s utilitarian theory is a form of consequentialism because the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by the consequences. Thus, deontologicalism and consequentialism are the main criticisms for both these theories. Kant?s ethics of pure duty is the basis for his categorical imperative, which provides the basis for his universalist duty based theory. Mill?s theory of utilitarianism is a primary form of consequentialism. Both deontologicalism and consequentialism are valid points of argument to the ethics of an action but they are also argumentative towards separately other. Mill, in his later work, On Liberty, adds deontologicalism to correct his consequentialist view. John Stuart Mill, who made utilitarianism the subject of one of his philosophical treatise Utilitarianism (1863), is the most proficient defender of this doctrine after Jeremy Bentham. His region to the theory consists in his recognition of distinctions of quality, in addition to those of intensity, among pleasu... ... will is the distinction of rational beings to all else, we may take this direction to always respecting the will of others. However, Kant cannot require that we never act contrary to someones will because this could not be followed in a situation where wills conflict. It might be closer to Kants idea to interpret him as requiring persons always to respect others as capable of acting for principles, and thus ably prepared to restrain our actions towards others if they or we could not will our maxim to be universal law.Works CitedMill, John Stuart, Utili tarianism, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1979, Original Publication, 1861Kant Immanuel, Grounding For The Metaphysics Of Morals, Third Edition, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1993, Original Publication, 1785Internet Sources ConsultedKant, Immanuel. Selections from Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (1993) 104-112. Blackboard. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2015. .

Essay --

Black Robe is a 1991 movie starring Lothaire Bluteau, Aden Young and Sandrine Holt. It was directed by Bruce Beresford and adapted from Brian Moores 1985 novel of the same name. It was produced by a Joint Film Production of Australia and Canada. The movie lasts about one hour and forty-one minutes. The movie was named Best Canadian Film at the twelfth Annual Genie Awards, with August Schellenberg also taking home the Best Supporting Actor trophy. (Epinions, 2004) The movie revolves around a 1632 French missionary, Father LaForgue (Lothaire Bluteau) or Black Robe as the Indians referred to him. He traveled to North America to attempt to save the savages on the new land. His mission leads him to a Canadian settlement and an Algonquin tribe. There he is first introduced into the Indian religion, culture, and practices. This is also where his first major shock occurs, when he encounters a Frenchman, Daniel (Aden Young), having sex with the Algonquin chiefs daughter, Annuka(Sandrine Holt) . dead after, Father LaForgue decides to accompany a small group of Algonquin Indians on a...