Sexual Violence

We all hold up that our prisons are the final point for the socially rejected criminals and violent transgressors. We know that our prisons are so overcrowded that the Supreme woo of California issued a court order to reduce the number of inmates. We know that since there are more inmates in prison the chance of getting rehabilitated are very slim to none. And we also know that the ratio of charge of guard to inmate is extremely high. scarce do we know what goes on in our prisons and shut aways? We know we have prison gangs, drugs, assaults, robberies, and even murders in prison.But what happens when you mix an overcrowded prison or jail with violent, drug using, angry, abusive, gang associate men with the average person who is in prison or jail for the first time. The result is an aggressive sexual act known as inmate lash out. The fight against rape in our communities is doomed to failure and ordain continue to be so as long as it ignores the fosterage grounds for rapists our prisons, jails and reform schools. For too long, we have turned away from the rape crisis in these institutions, which now hold 1. 3 million men and boys.In most of them, rape is an entrenched tradition considered by prisoners a decriminalize way to prove their manhood and to satisfy sexual needs and the brutal lust for power. The exact number of sexually assaulted prisoners is unknown, but a conservative estimate, found on two decades of surveys, is that more than 290,000 males are sexually assaulted behind forbid every year. By comparison, the Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that there are 135,000 rapes of women a year nationwide, though many groups believe the number is higher. (Mezey and King, 1995).

Claddagh Rings Essay

To day dates society is extremely fashion and style conscious. close styles and trends are in one day and out the next, from clothing, jewelry, and accessories. However about trends are timeless and never go out of style, like the Irish Claddagh address. But what is the generator of the jewelry and why is it still such a popular trend today? All these questions can be explained by looking at the origin, fables, meaning, and usage of the wall. The history of the Claddagh ring is surrounded in uncertainty due to the many popular folk stories that circulating near the origins of the ring.However what we do know for certain is that the ring originated from the Irish town of Claddagh(cite48). Claddagh was a sm completely fishing village outside the city of Galway (cite48). This is where the yell of the ring numbers from. As with most story there are ever many variations, in the case of the Claddagh ring and its origins there are numerous. one and only(a) variation is how Marg aret Joyce took the fortune inherited from her late husband, a Spanish merchant, and use it for charitable causes. She was reward for her charitably when a eagle one day dropped the the original Claddagh ring into her lap. cite48)The most likely legend of the rings origin is generally attributed to Richard Joyce. It goes that around 1675 Joyce was captured by Algerian pirates and sold as a slave while traveling to the West Indies. Joyce was sold to a Turkish goldsmith who taught him his craft. Joyce was released after William III was accession to the throne of England in 1689 and released all prisoners held captive by the Moors. Joyce served his master for fourteen years and when released his master offered half(a) his wealth and his daughters extend to in marriage if Joyce would continue to practice down the stairs him.Joyce declined this offer and returned to Claddagh where he married, had his on business as a silverworker and created the first Claddagh ring. The historical fac ts from this version of the story hold more lawfulness to the origins of the ring then any different legend given that force William III did in fact release all Moors slaves. (cite 48 49) The Claddagh ring has a distinctive design. It features two hands clasping a heart that is shell with a crown. The ring itself is a symbol of love and marriage. Its believed that the heart represents love, the hand familiarity, and the crown loyalty(cite 49).Going back to Richard Joyce if he is, and mostly likely was, the power of the Claddagh ring the design itself depicts his loyalty and love of his country, since he did refused his masters offers to come home to Ireland. The Claddagh ring when created was used as a wedding or betrothal ring passed down from mother to daughter during a time of marriage (cite 49). This tradition it ensured the survival of the ring. (cite 49. ) The rings unique design as well ensured its survival because it could be worn by both sex since it represents frien dship and loyalty.Claddagh rings are still a expression of romance today. right away you can find the Claddagh symbol on different types of Celtic crosses, pendants, candles, and other jewelry. Its popularity in todays society has been boosted threw media and pop culture, with celebrities wearing the ring and movies like Ladder 41, which describes how they way in which one wears the ring shows if they are in love or still open to friendship. Regardless of which legend of how the ring originated is true the facts is that the Claddagh ring has survived through history, keeping a emblematical meaning that is still significant.

The Best Cover Letter I Ever Received

The Best handle Letter I Ever Received Harvard Business Review David Silverman 118 PM Monday June 15, 2009 In my last post I talked slightly how to make your hook on more standardisedly to catch the attention of a hiring manager. As a follow up, Id like to discuss cover letters. Heres my canonic philosophy on them dont bother. Thats be score the cover letters I see ordinarily fall(a) into one of three categories The recap The resume in prose form. Its redundant, harder to take aim than the resume, and provides no additional insight.The form letter This says, essentially, Dear Sir or doll I saw your ad in the paper and thought you susceptibility like me. And its clearly a form letter where maybe they got my secernate and company right. If theyre lucky, I will still take the time to present their resume after being insulted with a form letter. The Im crazy This ones rare, and it expands on the resume of experience with some personal insights. Examples range from the merely goofy (I find batik as an art form has taught me to compose both a better person and project manager. ) to the truly terrorize (I cast a pentagram hex and the central get out pointed towards your job listing. I hold up you will find this as console as I do. ) There are really only a few times to use a cover letter 1. When you know the name of the person hiring 2. When you know something about the job requirement 3. When youve been in person referred (which might include 1 and 2) Under those conditions, you can help your cause by doing some of the resume analysis for your potential new boss. To illustrate, heres the trounce cover letter I ever received Dear DavidI am writing in response to the opening for xxxx, which I cogitate may report to you. I can offer you seven age of experience managing communications for top-tier xxxx firms, excellent project-management skills, and a great eye for detail, all of which should make me an ideal candidate for this opening. I have attac hed my resume for your review and would welcome the chance to speak with you sometime. Best regards, Xxxx Xxxx Heres what I like about this cover letter Its short. It sums up the resume as it relates to the job. It asks for the job.The author of this letter took the time to think through what would be relevant to me. instead of scattering lots of facts in hopes that one was relevant, the candidate offered up an suasion as to which experiences I should focus on. And that means the writer isnt good presentation me skills related to the job, hes showing me hell be the kind of employee who offers up solutions instead of just laying problems on my desk. What do you think? Have you ever secured a job thanks to a cover letter? Whats your view on the value or lack thereof of cover letters?

Data Base

Review and describe the most of import criteria for selecting inter interlocking devices at the core, access, and distribution layer in a computer profits The most important criteria for selecting inter meshing devices includes processing speed, reputation and viability of the vendor, ease of configuration, number of ports, uphold for security standards such as WPA or 802. 1i, ability to tune the diffuse power, support for QoS features, amount of memoryetc. Describe the key criteria confused in selecting WAN technologies and WAN suppliers. Discuss which criteria is the most important from your purview and state why. The criteria used to evaluate and select a WAN provider will vary from company to company. While cost may be the most important factor for one company, reliability may be the deciding factor for another.Enterprises should choose a WAN provider ground on the criteria that are most important to them include the extent of service and technologies offered by the pr ovider, the geographical area covered by the provider, best network access for each application flux, maximizing application performance, continuity and network usage, takes into account the end-to-end characteristics of each acquirable network (quality and bandwidth) to decide in real time the best access for each application immix quality parameters like network delay, jitter and loss, as well as the available bandwidth.Evaluated in real-time, these criteria are weighted according to the type of application flow voice will usually look for the fastest path maculation email may prefer the largest one.

Critically examine the theories that underpin the process of personal development planning and the role of self-reflection

The review leave behind focus on the theories that inform and contribute to the process of in the flesh(predicate) education planning (PDP) and how these theories encompass and plug into to the personal aspect of self- ricochetion and progress.What is the meaning of personal victimisation planning.The Quality Assurance Agency has defined personal development planning asA structured and incarnateed process undertaken by an soul to reflect upon their own realizeing, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and c beer development.What does the PDP process involve.Personal development planning involves an man-to-man release through a certain process of continually developing and subtlety skills and constantly reflecting upon their own schooling experiences. PDP lowlife be developed to support coincided with academic, personal and cargoner progression. The process of PDP includes looking at you own progression, enables an singular to assess their skills and recording these achievements.Record of Achievements (RoA) has an all important(p) role indoors PDP, as this profile/recording progress provides the means for students to improve their skills through RoA, it allows individuals to partake to the conditioning experiences, to review and reflect upon their teaching experiences. This process gradually develops students to be aware of their skills, which initially gives them more confidence. This is achieved through reflecting and reviewing eruditeness experiences that help students hire tar pay eat ups and actions plans within compose. By profiling it turns reflecting into a learning process, learning from experiences.The profiling process can be beneficial to the student as it allows them to hark back in what career path they would like to pursue in.Profiling can be used by a student to focus in on particular career options, or it can be diligent as a device, within the workplace, for thinking about profession al development.So not only does profiling help the individual whilst in higher(prenominal) education but as well gives an advantage in their career aspects of PDP.Is PDP important?PDP is of importance as it encourages an individual to reflect, review and set goals for themselves, this process helps an individual to develop their confidence and self awareness which is vital within the educational and work place settings. either theories underpinning the process of PDP?These ideas and strategies, which contribute to PDP have been influenced and ordinate into practice by theories from a wide rang of supposed perspectives and approaches.Theories and ideas which will be looked at in this review are* Peter edulcorate and Alan Mumfords skill Styles.* David Kolb* Dewey* Moon* Illich* Bently.Theories that have contributed to PDPTheoriesHoney and MumfordWhat have they saidWithin their theory, Honey and Mumford had said that we, as individuals learn through different ways, for example we are not all passive scholarly persons, so we may not learn through that particular method of learning. They had categorised the learning styles into four master(prenominal) categories, so an individual was either one or the other.These categories where* ActivistActivists are individuals, are active learners and enjoy challenges and being involved when learning something.They tend to learn soundly and with enthusiasm when they are involved and taking obscure in something. However activists turn off and lose interests in learning when they are not actively involved and are being taught passively.* theoreticianTheorists are those who always want to know how things go together within a logical structure. They like to use theories in order to get their views across to others and to relate situations and ideas to the theoretical look of things.They use theorise to scan things and barf theory into practice in situations. Theorists tend to mistrust claims or views, which have doubts or a weak foundation to it. Also they let it hard to learn when they cannot look into depth in something or relate it to theory.* PragmatistThese individuals learn through putting theory into practice, enjoy the practical side of learning. They like proving the theory, for instance testing out something based on the theoretical perspective and seeing how that incorporates within the practical framework.Also they may teddy off from learning if they cannot see why they are doing something or for what adjudicate it is that they are doing something.* ReflectorThe reflectors seem to learn from their experiences, always thinking off how this could be done or what ifs and then putting these into their learning. Taking period when thinking things through and always making use of time. Also reflectors summon it hard to cope with when running out of time, for example when trying to take a deadline.Honey and Mumford suggested that to find out which category of learning styles a person f alls into they would have to complete a number of statements, where in the end of the questioner you will be able to reads which attribute of learner you are.How is this related to PDPHoney and Mumfords theory of learning styles is linked to PDP, as it focuses on individuals and how a individual can develop their skills through knowing what type of learner they are and most importantly how knowing how they can learn best and what are the best ways to learn. The learning styles can indicate an individuals strengths and weaknesses. By knowing how you learn best can have a huge impact on PDP. As you can plan and reflect upon yourself and see if you really are a theorist or a reflector and what makes you like this, so this is a type of reflection and also how from knowing how you learn can help you progress and develop your skills.How effective is it to PDP and own developmentLooking at these learning styles from a personal perspective, I myself had completed the learning styles quest ioner and discovered that I was a Theorist. This has been beneficial towards myself and PDP as at first when I read what it takes to be a theorist, that I could relate to that and I felt that that was my learning style, learning through wanting to know about the theories behind anything for solid proof.Has it been serviceable?However when I read up the other three learning styles I thought I was a bit of all of them put together. I know that I learn through reflection and I like to take time out and analyse what has happened and also that I fine it extremely hard to work when I have a limited amount of time. So I feel that I am limited to a certain extent if I say that I am a theorist because that is not completely true as I have the characteristics for the reflector style of learning as well.Any other links to other theories?The learning style theory was part based on Kolbs learning cycle and adapted from the four main stages within Kolbs learning cycle.David Kolbs* Kolb* Dewy* M oon* Illich* bently*ConclusionWhich theory boilersuit has been most effcetive when considering my own learning why should we include PDP in our mark is it useful?

Veterans and Ptsd

stage managers and posttraumatic stress disorder Toni L. Enemy Hunter Psychiatric renewal/REHA 425 Professor McDermott October 29, 2011 kidnap The United States is seeing an increasing number of Veterans coming second from unconscious process Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) being diagnosed with Post-Traumatic nervous strain Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is have-to doe withing the lives of men and women, their family and those closest to them. The goal of this opus is to give some public information for women and their families experiencing PTSD. It will give symptoms and treatment options avail adequate to(p) to women veterans.Women Vets and PTSD According to the 2009 and 2010 National Survey on medicate Use and Health, Substance Ab function and Mental Health religious services boldness (SAMHSA), nearly 600,000 veterans aged 18 or older experienced a co-occurring substance use disorder and mental illness in the one- metre(prenominal) 12 months. Post-Tr aumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is now becoming more than ordinary with men and women in the legions. How can the families of the veteran better understand what to pauperization and how to deal with their loved ones suffering from PTSD? DefinitionAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical manual(a) of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR APA, 2000) the diagnostic criteria for PTSD allow a history of pictorial matter to a impairmenttic event come across devil criteria and symptoms from each of cardinal symptom clusters intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms (Appendix 2). Challenges The British Medical Journal reported that veterans do non experience suffering or disabling symptoms until they return from the war (Gabriel & Neal, 2002).Friedman said PTSD symptoms calculate when they return home trying to re queue to civilian life. When a psyche is on active duty in the military, if one does not call for a p hysical injury then psychological symptoms argon seen as a weakness and being a coward (Friedman, 2004). Those that did seek dish up open up it difficult to be diagnosed because they were not exposed to direct combat (i. e. uncongenial fire, returning fire, or seeing others injured). The veterans that do set out PTSD from military hurt argon from non-combative events such as sexual trauma.They whitethorn whole tone alone and worry intimately their families. PTDS is comorbid with traumatic brain injuries and other psychiatrical disorders such as depression, social phobia, panic disorder, substance abuse, and whim and fear disorders (Feczer, 2009). We deny that war changes its participants forever- America claims innocence and peachyness as unfathomed traits. We believe that our young men and women should be able to go to war, induce the job through, and return home blameless and well. (Tick, 2005) InterventionThe Readjustment Counseling Service is available for veterans wh o served in war zones, Vietnam Era Veterans, veterans that experienced sexual trauma while in the military, and for family members that break lost loved ones while on duty. At a Veteran Center, the services that are provided are one-on-one counseling, group counseling, marital and family counseling, addiction counseling, benefits facilitateance and referral, employment referral and counseling, community education, touch with VA facilities, referral to community agencies, contracts with area counselors and Mobile Vet Center Outreach.The client archetypal has to go through assessments to figure out the better(p) therapeutic approach. They subscribe to to be screened for victimization, suicidal potential, addictive behaviors, differential diagnosis, comorbidity, and family assessment (Meichenbaum, 1995). Medications, along with therapy, cast off been the most helpful types of treatment for PTSD. The medications used are antidepressant medications, anti-anxiety medications, moo d stabilizing medications, and other medications to ease nightmares, irritability, sleeplessness, depression, and anxiety (Feczer, 2009). It is important when interviewing the client to aim out their childhood history.M either times trauma during childhood will not come out until later in life and it can be the underlying issue to their problems (Feczer, 2009). Therapy Modalities deary After a traumatic event, umpteen individuals experience distress and signs of PTSD. The veteran may experience suffering when transaction with the recollections related to the trauma. This type of therapy helps by approaching those theorys, odourings, and events that the client has been avoiding because of the stress they cause. By repeated exposure to the emotions it helps the veteran reduce the power estimations withdraw everyplace the client.However, during the assessment, it is important to discuss with the veteran the main event(s) that causes the stress. By doing this at a comfortable pa ce, the exposure to that trauma can be dealt with accordingly (Creamer & axerophthol Forbes, 2004). The first part of the therapy is education. The counselor will explain the treatment, the common trauma reactions and symptoms of PTSD. PET helps the veteran understand what the goals are for the treatment and what to stand for the distance of the upcoming sessions. Teaching methods of breathing techniques will help the veteran to relax.Breathing changes when a mortalfulness becomes anxious or fearful. This is a short-term technique to service in managing sudden distress. The third chance of PET is in vivo exposure where the client has exposure to real world situations or events that may be anxiety-producing. This is safely done by approaching the situation that has been avoided because of the stress it causes. PET uses imaginal exposure where the veteran talks through the trauma(s) with the counselor. By talking, it helps the client to deliver the goods control over the traum atic events and realize that he or she does not have to be afraid of his or her memories.The overall goal is to crap through the events from least to most traumatic events and what is comfortable for the client. This type of therapy is ordinarily eight to fifteen sessions that last some ninety minutes (Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin,& adenylic acid Feuer, 2002). CPT Many times those with PTSD have problems dealing with their thoughts and memories of the trauma they have been though. They may get stuck in their thoughts and have a hard time making sense of what has extended or is happening to them. CPT helps in giving clients a new way of dealing with their thoughts and to gain an understanding of the events that haunt them. in that location are four parts to CPT learning about PTSD symptoms, becoming awake(predicate) of thoughts and feelings, learning skills and understanding changes in beliefs. CPT requires educating the client about PTSD and what to bide from the disorder. The veterans can ask questions and find out how the skills are going to help them. In this modality, the client unavoidably to become aware of their thoughts and feelings. When bad things happen we want to know why they happen. Clients can get stuck in their thought process and not be able to let it go.However, with CPT a soulfulness learns to pay attention to these thoughts that the trauma has caused and discuss how they make one feel. because he or she can take a step back and see how it affects the person now. This will hopefully help the veteran venture of the trauma in a different way. This can be done by writing about it or talking to the counselor. Next, the veterans consume to dismay learning the skills to help challenge their thoughts and question them as well. This is done by doing worksheets (appendix 1). These worksheets will help veterans decide the way they want to recall and feel about their traumatic situations.These skills will eventually help in dealing with every day issues. Finally, in that remark is trying to understand the changes in beliefs. There are common changes that happen afterwardwardward going through a trauma. There are going to be changes in the way a person thinks about safety, trust, control, self-esteem, other people and relationships. By talking about these beliefs, hopefully they can find a balance with the beliefs before and after the trauma. The approximate time for this type of therapy is twelve sessions. EMDR The final type of therapy is optic Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing or EMDR.Clients that are admitd in EMDR use imaginal exposure of their trauma and at the same time the counselor uses their king finger for them to follow back and forth. EMDR therapy seems to directly affect the brain by unlocking the traumatic memories, allowing clients to resolve them. Veterans work through the upsetting memory, beliefs, feelings, sensations until they are able to think about the event without reliving i t. The memory is still there, alone not as upsetting. It is equal detaching oneself and watching a movie except relieving the trauma at the same time (Barton, Smith, Corcoran, 2011).Case Management, Employment and Vocational Rehabilitation According to the Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program that Congress prepared, exercise managers work closely with Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors (VRC) to create a rehabilitation plan. This plan consists of evaluation and planning for the future goals of the veteran. The veteran is evaluated to see if he or she is capable of independent living or will need rehabilitation services. The VRC is responsible to see that referrals for medical, eye care and dental are taken care of for the client.The vocational-education counselor will be able to assist the veteran in acquiring education, training, equipment, and financial aid if the client needs to develop new skills for employment. The President of the United States is also giving outstanding tax breaks to employees for hiring veterans. The Counselor and Support Systems The downfall to helping veterans with PTSD is that there are not some(prenominal) counselors have the experience with this type of client. Counselors in this field are few, especially in the rural and underserved geographic areas.The VA resources are overwhelmed with clients so there is a backlog, which creates frustration with veterans. There are many that have contemplated or have committed suicide because they did not start out the help they needed. According to the National Center for PTSD, some may have had past mental health issues and may not have good support systems in addition to what was mentioned earlier. So that is why it is important to have a good support system and education is essential for the families when the veteran returns home. They will more than likely not be the same person as they were before they were deployed.Conclusion Veterans do so much for the United States citizens and we need to be thankful for the job they do for our freedom. The veterans put their lives in risk so we can live the life as Americans. Veterans deserve the respect and assistance when they return home to us. So it is my opinion that we do our best to ensure they can become productive citizens once again. I would like to be part of that aggroup to assist in helping veterans adjust back into civilian life. I would like to see more citizens do the same by helping the veterans any way possible.Where would the United States be if we did not have such a great military team? References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised fourth ed. ). Washington, DC Author. Feczer, D. A. (2009). Forever changed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in distaff military veterans, A Case Report. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. Friedman, M. (2004). Acknowledging the psychiatric cost of war. parvenue England Journal of Medicine, p p 351, 75-77. Gabriel, R. A. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder or somatic dysfunction after military conflict may hide posttraumatic disorder.British Medical Journal, pp 324, 340-342. Tick, E. (2005). War and the soul Healing our nations veterans from post-traumatic stress disorder. Wheaton, IL Quest Books. Masson, N. (2010). Mindful Cognitive impact Worksheet. Retrieved from http//drnataliemasson. com/images/Mindful%20Cognitive%20Processing%20Worksheet. pdf Creamer, M. , Forbes D. (2004). Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations, Psychotherapy Theory, Research, utilize, Training, (Vol. 41, pp. 388-398). Resick, P. , Nishith, P. , Weaver, T. , Astin, M. , Feuer, C. 2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a postponement condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, (Vol. 70, pp. 867-879). Bartson, S. , Smit h. , M. , Corcoran, C. (2011). Help Guide. EMDR Therapy. Retrieved from http//www. helpguide. org/mental/pdf/emdr. pdf Meichenbaum, D. (1995). A clinical handbook/practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) book. Florida land Press. Appendix 1Mindful Cognitive Processing Worksheet 1. Describe situation briefly 2. constitute emotions (single words) and rate the intensity (0-100%) 3. List automatic thoughts. Circle hot thought. (For deeper work, identify the core belief. ) 4. Observe breathing and body sensations. Describe these briefly. 5. Practice acceptance and validation. List thoughts that promote acceptance, non-judgment, validation. Take a few moments to apply breathing in an attitude of allowing things to be as they are without judgement or trying to change/fix things. 6. List objective proof that supports your automatic thoughts. . List objective evidence that counters your automatic thoughts. 8. Identify any di stortions snarled in your automatic thoughts. 9. Consider a more equilibrise thought. 10. Describe the outcome. List emotions, rate intensity. List any other reactions, observations. incentive 11. Identify any core beliefs that could use revising. and a more adaptive belief. 12. Consider behavioral experiments to disprove the core beliefs and support a new belief. Summary of some common cognitive distortions 1. Probability overestimations overestimating the likelihood of a negative event 2.Mind reading assuming what others will think about you Appendix 1 Cont. 3. Personalization taking too much accountability for a negative situation 4. Should statements incorrect/exaggerated statements about how things should be 5. Catastrophic thinking assuming that a negative event would be catastrophic 6. All-or-nothing thinking (Black White Thinking) 7. Selective attention and memory visualize to negative information, discount positive 8. Overgeneralization a single event is taken as a sign of a global pattern 9. mass telling predicting the future with absolute certainty 10.Negative core beliefs negative assumptions about oneself. Taking an event and turning it into a core characteristic. (I make a mistake vs. I am a loser) 11. turned on(p) reasoning believing that if you feel as if something is true, that makes it true (Masson, 2010) Appendix 2 DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association revised the PTSD diagnostic criteria in the fourth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical manual(a) of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (1). The diagnostic criteria (A-F) are specified below.Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms. A ordinal criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning. standard A stressor The person has been e xposed to a traumatic event in which both of the spare-time activity have been present 1. The person has experienced, witnessed, or been confronted with an event or events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others. . The persons response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Note in children, it may be verbalised instead by disorganized or agitated behavior. measure B intrusive recollection The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one of the following ways 1. Recurrent and intrusive regretful recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note in young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed. 2. Recurrent sorry dreams of the event.Note in children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable sate 3. Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were happen (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, including those that occur upon awakening or when intoxicated). Note in children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur. 4. Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or outer cues that symbolize or correspond an aspect of the traumatic event. 5.Physiologic reactivity upon exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event Criterion C avoidant/numbing Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by at least three of the following 1. Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma 2. Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma 3. Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma 4.Markedly diminished interest or participation in square activities 5. Feeling of detachment o r estrangement from others 6. Restricted range of affect (e. g. , unable to have loving feelings) 7. Sense of foreshortened future (e. g. , does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) Criterion D hyper-arousal Persistent symptoms of increasing arousal (not present before the trauma), indicated by at least two of the following 1. Difficulty falling or staying asleep 2. Irritability or outbursts of anger 3. Difficulty concentrating 4.Hyper-vigilance 5. Exaggerated shock response Criterion E duration Duration of the affray (symptoms in B, C, and D) is more than one month. Criterion F functional significance The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Specify if Acute if duration of symptoms is less than three months Chronic if duration of symptoms is three months or more Specify if With or without delay onset Onset of symptoms at least six months after the stres sor (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)

Psychological Assessment and Testing Essay

Several websites that discuss psychological perspicacity and testing be scattered throughout the Internet. These psychological-based sites helper students, experts and ordinary people to discern the fundamental concepts of psychology and recognize its various functions. One of the functions of psychological estimation and testing websites is to determine and somehow predict and pinpoint the contingent psychological puzzle that an individual experienced. In this paper, twain peer reviewed articles from two assorted websites attached to psychology will be critically evaluated to illustrate the importance and purpose of psychological assessment and testing.The first website is www. apa. org, the title of the article is How is psychiatry Assessed in Older Adults? The fountain of the article is the Ameri bed mental Association. The problem deals specifically to the assessment of quondam(a) braggys which atomic number 18 65 years old and above. The powers propensity an d let out several pillowcases of psychopathologic assessment for older adults. The identification of the different types of assessment and test regarding the psychopathology in older adults help students, experts and different concerned individual understand the process and the meaning of the said assessments.The classify job that dimensional type (age-based) of analysis is disclose than categorical type ( affection-based) analysis in the case of older adults. The research design they apply is a qualitative design. The methodology that they operate is historical research wherein they prove the data from previous works to find a generalization from inference that can help in understanding the past, present and even time to come trends regarding the psychopathological assessment in older adults. They conducted their research through a comparison of the different screening measures used for older adults.The authors suggested that the Geriatric stamp Scale is the or so useful due to the fact that it is age related, it can assess those who are cognitively impaired since it can either be oral or written and it is non depressive. They compared the BECK Anxiety Scale, the Geriatric stamp Scale, the Cage and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric version, the MMPI-2 test, the Brief Psychiatric valuation Scale, Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test. The authors decided to find out which assessment is close applicable and helpful since no standard exist regarding the psychopathological assessment of adults.The second website is www. mental-health-matters. com, the article is entitled disposition and tune? The author was Gillian Darby, a psychologist and affiliated to Get Mental Help, Inc. The research problem was concerned on the possible relationship amidst soulfulnessality and try out. It was important to identify the relationship to help caution those people with a individualality given up to stress regarding fut ure problems and help them understand themselves better through stress- worry activities. Darby hypothesize that those who posses type A personality are more given over to stress.Darby progress elaborates that hose with type B personality were often less pugnacious and are therefore less prone to stress. The research design that was used was a qualitative research. Using this research design, Darby tries to explore the connections that exist between type A personality and stress. The methodology that the author used is data analysis to be able to formulate the pattern/s and dominion/s involve. Darby used literature review and case study review. The author included a personality test in the article to help readers qualify their personality type.Therefore the article showed the possibility that psychological assessment of personality can affect stress levels which faculty likewise racetrack to stress-related illness such as purport diseases. Both websites and articles proved t hat so the use of psychological assessment and test are helpful and educational. psychological assessments help individuals to evaluate themselves. Thus, the websites and articles can also be considered as self-help materials. Psychological assessments and testing are in themselves important in understanding oneself and promoting dependable health and healthy living since.Second Part The article How is psychiatry Assessed in Older Adults? could help medical practitioners or concerned individuals identify the best or most applicable type of assessment for the older adult diligent. Most specifically, the group believes that Geriatric Depression Scale is most useful due to its nature which is somehow considerate of the older adults psychological state. Nevertheless, whenever these type of assessment might non be applicable, several other test and scales are presented.The article can be helpful in assisting the patient with information regarding the Psychopathology of his illness or problem. The suggestion and study in the article can be treated to be of primary importance to the medical practitioner or attendee upon admission of the patient. In case that the Geriatric Depression Scale is not applicable to the patient, the article mentioned other relevant Psychopathological assessment scales and test. If possible the Geriatric Depression Scale can be use in conjunction with another scale or test to get a better view of the psychopathology of the patient.Particularly, the assessment recommended by the group is most useful due to the fact that it tries to focus on the medical get along of the problems by eliminating depressive questions. Geriatric Depression Scale unlike other Psychopathology Scale is not lengthy and can be answered or make orally. This somehow helped the patient minimize the effort and stress that accompanies answering lengthy and technical assessment test. The second article is about Personality and Stress. In this article, the patient will be asked to answer a questionnaire or personality test which would determine whether he/she has a type A or a type B personality.A person who understands his/her dapple and behavior would normally perform better than those who cannot acknowledge or is not aware of his or her behavior and personality. Thus, with the use of the personality test employ in the article, a person is able to check him/her self and the situation. The person might opt to try new types of defense mechanism against stress or the person might want to seek professional advice regarding management of stress. As a common knowledge, stress often times leads to heart diseases.Since the article affirms that people with type A personality are prone to stress, it prompts necessary actions to control or reduce the possibility of heart disease. The person might try low cholesterol diet or engross in regular exercise. According to article, studies revealed that those who has type A personality are less relaxed than those with type B. This shows that the treatment for stress in the two types of personality should also vary. A medical practitioner, a psychologist or a counselor will find it easier to prescribe treatment if the cause of the illness or the source of the illness is identified.A person who has personality problems whitethorn not be treated properly with medication alone if the person still receive the same stressors at work or at home (several work load, weather, pets, traffic, etc). In case that the person already has a heart disease, knowing the personality type can help the family and the patient understands the things that can worsen the situation. For instance, a patient can understand himself better and the reason why he felt stress out. The patient might try to avoid the things that made him lose his temper.The counselor can also administer the necessary advice for the patient, since a type A personality is unremarkably aggressive and critical.ReferencesAmerican Psychologic al Association. How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? Retrieved on January 5, 2009 from the World Wide Web http//www. apa. org/pi/aging/practitioners/assessment05. html Darby, G. 2007. Personality and Stress Retrieved on January 6, 2009 from the World Wide Web http//www. mental-health-matters. com/articles/article. php? artID=1323

Illegal Immigration Issues

black in-migration Issues 1 Marcus Hallett AP tender Geography in-migration Essay 07 February 2011 How Should Politicians Decide on wicked immigration Issues? In the linked States, immigration policy decisions are capable of gaining or costing this country trillions of dollars. Political choices now could change the future of millions of lives. Choices contend immigration could cost the U. S. countless jobs, including those of native U. S. citizens and naturalized immigrants. Consider how Texas, Connecticut, Florida, and northeast Dakota handle this controversial issue. First, date how Texas, a suppose on the Mexico-U. S. order, deals with immigration issues. It is estimated that 1. 7 million unauthorized immigrants reside in the land of Texas. (CNN, 2010) The state is currently considering new laws to require all immigrants to have proof of citizenship on their person at all times. This would also allow law enforcement officers to stay anyone appearing to be from anothe r(prenominal) country (racial profiling) who do not delight citizenship papers with them. (The Huffington Post, 2010) Judging from local comments on the NBC Dallas-Fort Worth political intelligence operation page, the overall view from citizens and politicians alike seems to be against immigration. NBC Dallas-Fort Worth, 2010) Now consider the immigration laws in Connecticut. In the city of modern Haven, beginning in 2007, amerciable immigrants were able to obtain ID cards from the local governance. New Haven Illegal Immigration Issues 2 was the first United States city to offer this. (US Immigraton Support)Also in 2007, Connecticut became the eleventh state to offer mislabeled immigrants that graduate from spunky school eligibility to pay the in-state resident tuition to attend any of the states public colleges. Medina, 2007) This shows that the government in Connecticut seems to be middling tolerant of illegal immigration and may be inclined to pick out for immigration r eform in support of increased immigration and naturalization. Next, intent at immigration policies in Florida. Due to its proximity to the Caribbean and other Atlantic islands queen-size numbers of immigrants, both legal and illegal, reside in the state. In late 2010 the Florida government proposed a law requiring law enforcement to check for valid citizenship on anyone thought to be an unauthorized immigrant when stopped for violation of another law. Liston, 2010) This shows that Floridas government is becoming less passive on how it treats illegal immigration issues. Now, consider immigration in North Dakota. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services estimates that there are fewer than 2,500 illegal immigrants in the state. (StateMaster. com)North Dakota, therefore, may have a more open viewpoint on the subject. When devising decisions on immigration, politicians should take into consideration how their decisions stir peoples lives. If large scale raids occur it c an cause psychological trauma to the families of those arrested and deported. handbill what one author has to say on the matter Raids inevitably affect kids Most of these kids are U. S. citizens and most are 10 and under. After a large-scale raid, community members scramble to find and rearrange care for the children roughly immigrant families hid in their homes and basements for Illegal Immigration Issues 3 days or weeks avocation the raids because they were afraidThese experiences induce emotional and psychological problems, and behavioral changes like changing sleep patterns, loss of appetite, and more aggressive behaviors.In the most spartan cases, they experience depression, separation anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal thoughts. (Casteneda, 2007) Another thing politicians should consider when voting upon immigration laws is the economy. According to the American Immigration Council if unauthorized immigrants were legalized it could go forth in the US Gr oss Domestic Product to increase by at least . 84 percent. This would also INCREASE the number of jobs operable in the US. Mass deportation of illegal immigrants could result in the United States Gross Domestic Product being reduced by 1. 6 percent. Over ten yrs this would amount to a loss of $2. 6 trillion. The focus for American Progress estimates that over a five year timespan the total cost of mass deportation would amount to $206 230 billion. (Immigration Policy Center and Center for American Progress, 2010) These choices also affect the workforce. If all immigrant dairy workers in the United States were removed, the U. S. economic out define would be reduced by $22 billion, and 133,000 workers would lose their jobs, including legalized and native-born citizens. National Milk Producers Federation, 2009) It is evident that choices made indoors the next few years can shape the United States population, economy, and culture. If this refer issue is not handled properly it cou ld cost trillions of dollars, plunging the United States even deeper into debt. If politicians put aside their xenophobic, prejudice views and overly partisan stances and work together, this country could be Illegal Immigration Issues 4 pulled out of this deep recession and could function a strong, economically powerful force for peace. Illegal Immigration Issues References Casteneda, R. (2007, declination 6). Five Questions for Rosa Castaneda. Retrieved from http//www. urban. org/toolkit/fivequestions/RCastaneda. cfm CNN. (2010, February 10). Fewer unauthorized immigrants in U. S. in 2009, government says. News, . Retrieved February 6, 2011, from http// words. cnn. com/2010-0210/us/illegal. immigrants_1_unauthorized-population-unauthorized-immigrants-pewhispanic-center-report? _s=PMUS Liston, B. (2010, August 11). Florida AG proposes tougher illegal immigrant curbs. Reuters. Orlando. Retrieved from http//www. euters. com/article/2010/08/11/us-usa-immigrationflorida-idUSTRE67A2XS20 100811 Medina, J. (2007, June 2). Bill to Reduce Tuition for Illegal Immigrants Passes in Connecticut. The New York Times. New York. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2007/06/02/nyregion/02conn. html? _r=1 National Milk Producers Federation. (2009). THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF in-migration ON U. S. DAIRY FARMS (Survey). Retrieved from http//www. nmpf. org/files/file/NMPF%20Immigration%20Survey%20Web. pdf NBC Dallas-Fort Worth. (2010, April 28). Texas Rep Wants to Import AZ Immigration Law.NBC Dallas-Fort Worth. News, . Retrieved February 6, 2011, from http//www. nbcdfw. com/news/politics/Rep-Wants-AZ-Immigration-Law-in-Texas92305354. html StateMaster. com. (n. d. ). Estimated number of Illegal Immigrants (most recent) by state. StateMaster. com. Retrieved February 6, 2011, from Illegal Immigration Issues 6 http//www. statemaster. com/graph/peo_est_num_of_ill_imm-people-estimated-numberillegal-immigrantssource The Huffington Post. (2010, November 10). Texas Immigration Law down the stairs Proposal Would Resemble Arizona? s Hard-Line Approach.The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2010/11/10/texas-immigration-law-wou_n_780933. html US Immigraton Support. (n. d. ). Immigration to Connecticut. US Immigraton Support. Retrieved February 6, 2011, from http//www. usimmigrationsupport. org/connecticut. html Marcus Hallett Digitally sign(a) by Marcus Hallett DN CN = Marcus Hallett, OU = Comodo Trust Network PERSONA NOT VALIDATED argue I am the author of this document Location Morristown, Tennessee, USA run across 2011. 02. 06 215147 -0500 2012 Marcus Hallett. All Rights Reserved.

Literary Analysis

Langston Hughes estimation for position B is an interest piece of purview from an author who is obviously struggling to roll in the hay up with an answer to what a instructor had thought to be a evenhandedly straight preliminary question. When Hughes instructor asks him to go home and exclusively vomit down equity on a single page, it opens his eye up to whole of the things that he has d wizard in his living.In addition to that, it opens his eyes to who he in reality is, what things drive and motivate him, and how other mint meet helped to shape him. He revivees on certain racially charged issues, though he neer really gets into them in detail. For the most split, his writing is a compilation of that rough(prenominal) aspects that postulate made up his life and moody him into the relatively puppyish man that he is.Hughes begins his writing by simply interrogateing expose loud to himself. His first words serve as any(prenominal)thing of a look back of the a ppellative itself. The teacher has indicated that this would be something that should non bow out long and it should be relatively simpleton for the students to complete. Hughes realizes right away that it is non that easy, at all, to come up with a real picture of the things that get up a person who they ar. At the beginning, the majority of Hughes doubts have to do with the feature that he was brought up in some different places and that he has unceasingly been something of an outlier when comp ard to his contemporaries. Hughes writes, I wonder if its that simple?I am twenty-two, biased, born in Winston-Salem. I went to trail there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hummock above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my tier. (Hughes). In this, the proofreader gets a clear picture of the road that has guide Hughes to the university and how those things have had a seemingly profound impact on his life.Hughes similarly takes the eon to touch on some racially charged themes in his life in the later grapheme of his opening dialogue. He does not look alike(p) a mountain of the students around him, which obviously presents some problems for him and it also makes him care for his background. He learns to appreciate the reasons why he was open to come as far as he has come. Jane Alice of American Studies had some interesting thoughts on the main themes behind this particularly piece of poetry.In her analysis, she writes, The instructor of his class is then implying that e genuinely wizard here in his college class has something in common or has some what of the comparable life (Alice). This serves to shell out the self-aggrandising problem of recognition that can often time separate pot in academia. For the teacher, everything was simple and everyone in the class had a similar upbringing. later all, they were there in a good college, so they had to come from the akin type of background. minor does she know that it was muc h more of a attempt for some people than it was for other people. For the poet, getting to college was no simple task. Instead, it was something that postulate the ability to outdo legion(predicate) hurdles along the way.Hughes is an interesting grounds when it comes to his perspective. He is no small player in the African American community, having ascended to the position of poet honourable and having produced some of the most well recognized start of his time. It is absolutely natural to study these things if one is going to understand what he is trying to separate in Theme for face B. check to Mark Maier of AssociatedContent.com, this is the base piece that readers have to grasp. Maier writes, Hughes was a staple in the Harlem community, and a major player in the Harlem Renaissancea coming-of-age for African American creativeness in the throughout the 1920s and 30s. He is 47 by the time he writes this meter (not actually for the assignments cod date) and it serves as both an educational and reflective fomitea interpreter that tells the how and why of not only what was happening during the time of his class only when what was happening during the time he penned the piece (Maier). This was a reflective piece, one that Maier had to think long and hard about onward he ordain it down onto paper.Not everything is racially charged in the poem, though. Hughes spends a lot of time thinking about what it means to be an American and life in America is life. He comes to the conclusion that cosmos American is all about having different people as a part of your life, heedless of their background and their upbringing. Hughes writes in the poem, But it will be a part of you, instructor. You are white yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. Thats American (Hughes).This is something that Chris Semansky speaks to, as well. There, he writes, As Theme for English B indicates, Hughes, from the beginning of his career, systematically explored the radical o f an American voice, and he repeatedly insisted that what we define as American must accept the experiences, language, and visions of both its black and white citizens (Semansky).All in all, many themes are addressed in Langston Hughes poem. From the obvious racial issues to the idea of an educational gap, he uses the idea of a simple assignment to address some things that are very important to him. Tina Mazzula speaks to this on more than one occasion in her analysis of the poem. She writes, Langston Hughes, in writing Theme for English B, creates a poem that addresses the white concern for traditional English syntax, while at the same time, acknowledges the distance between the white culture and his colored self (Mazzula). adept cannot truly understand what Hughes was trying to get crossways without addressing each of these things one after other and as a whole. Though some have tried to evoke that one thing was more important than another to the poet, it is clear from his ma ny writings that he took many different aspects of the educational process very seriously. Not only did he appreciate and understand the struggle that he and many other African American students had to go through, but he also understood how difficult it was for his white teacher to relate to him on that level. In a way, it was this understanding that helped Hughes become as successful as he was during the entirety of his career.Works CitedAlice, Jane. Critics and Builders American Studies. synopsis A Theme for English B. http//criticsandbuilders.typepad.com/amstudiesblog/2008/03/anaylsis-a-them.htmlHughes, Langston. Theme for English B. http//www.eecs.harvard.edu/keith/poems/English_B.htmlMaier, Mark. Deconstructing Langston B. Hughes Theme for English B. 21 October 2005. http//www.associatedcontent.com/ expression/11600/deconstructing_langston_b_hughes.htmlMazzulla, Tina. It will be true A have a bun in the oven into the Voice of Langston Hughes. http//titan.iwu.edu/wchapman/ame ricanpoetryweb/hughthem.htmlSemansky, Chris. rhyme for Students, The Gale Group, 1999. http//www.answers.com/topic/theme-for-english-b-poem-6Literary AnalysisLangston Hughes Theme for English B is an interesting piece of perspective from an author who is obviously struggling to come up with an answer to what a teacher had thought to be a fairly straight forward question. When Hughes instructor asks him to go home and simply put down truth on a single page, it opens his eyes up to all of the things that he has done in his life.In addition to that, it opens his eyes to who he really is, what things drive and motivate him, and how other people have helped to shape him. He touches on certain racially charged issues, though he never really gets into them in detail. For the most part, his writing is a compilation of that several aspects that have made up his life and turned him into the relatively young man that he is.Hughes begins his writing by simply wondering out loud to himself. His first words serve as something of a critique of the assignment itself. The teacher has indicated that this would be something that should not take long and it should be relatively simple for the students to complete. Hughes realizes right away that it is not that easy, at all, to come up with a real picture of the things that make a person who they are. At the beginning, the majority of Hughes doubts have to do with the fact that he was brought up in some different places and that he has always been something of an outlier when compared to his contemporaries. Hughes writes, I wonder if its that simple?I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my class. (Hughes). In this, the reader gets a clear picture of the road that has led Hughes to the university and how those things have had a seemingly profound impact on his life.Hughes also takes the time to touch on some racially charged themes in his life in the later part of his opening dialogue. He does not look like a lot of the students around him, which obviously presents some problems for him and it also makes him appreciate his background. He learns to appreciate the reasons why he was able to come as far as he has come. Jane Alice of American Studies had some interesting thoughts on the main themes behind this particularly piece of poetry.In her analysis, she writes, The instructor of his class is then implying that everyone here in his college class has something in common or has some what of the same life (Alice). This serves to address the big problem of perception that can often time separate people in academia. For the teacher, everything was simple and everyone in the class had a similar upbringing.After all, they were there in a good college, so they had to come from the same type of background. Little does she know that it was much more of a struggle for some people than it was for other people. For the poet, getting to college was no simple task. Instead, it was something that required the ability to overcome many hurdles along the way.Hughes is an interesting case when it comes to his perspective. He is no small player in the African American community, having ascended to the position of poet laureate and having produced some of the most well recognized work of his time. It is absolutely essential to understand these things if one is going to understand what he is trying to say in Theme for English B.According to Mark Maier of AssociatedContent.com, this is the primary piece that readers have to grasp. Maier writes, Hughes was a staple in the Harlem community, and a major player in the Harlem Renaissancea coming-of-age for African American creativity in the throughout the 1920s and 30s. He is 47 by the time he writes this poem (not actually for the assignments due date) and it serves as both an educational and reflective vehiclea voice that tells th e how and why of not only what was happening during the time of his class but what was happening during the time he penned the piece (Maier). This was a reflective piece, one that Maier had to think long and hard about before he put it down onto paper.Not everything is racially charged in the poem, though. Hughes spends a lot of time thinking about what it means to be an American and life in America is life. He comes to the conclusion that being American is all about having different people as a part of your life, regardless of their background and their upbringing. Hughes writes in the poem, But it will be a part of you, instructor. You are white yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. Thats American (Hughes).This is something that Chris Semansky speaks to, as well. There, he writes, As Theme for English B indicates, Hughes, from the beginning of his career, consistently explored the idea of an American voice, and he repeatedly insisted that what we define as American must include the experiences, language, and visions of both its black and white citizens (Semansky).All in all, many themes are addressed in Langston Hughes poem. From the obvious racial issues to the idea of an educational gap, he uses the idea of a simple assignment to address some things that are very important to him. Tina Mazzula speaks to this on more than one occasion in her analysis of the poem. She writes, Langston Hughes, in writing Theme for English B, creates a poem that addresses the white concern for traditional English syntax, while at the same time, acknowledges the distance between the white culture and his colored self (Mazzula).One cannot truly understand what Hughes was trying to get across without addressing each of these things individually and as a whole. Though some have tried to suggest that one thing was more important than another to the poet, it is clear from his many writings that he took many different aspects of the educational process very seriously. Not only did he appreciate and understand the struggle that he and many other African American students had to go through, but he also understood how difficult it was for his white teacher to relate to him on that level. In a way, it was this understanding that helped Hughes become as successful as he was during the entirety of his career.Works CitedAlice, Jane. Critics and Builders American Studies. Analysis A Theme for English B. http//criticsandbuilders.typepad.com/amstudiesblog/2008/03/anaylsis-a-them.htmlHughes, Langston. Theme for English B. http//www.eecs.harvard.edu/keith/poems/English_B.htmlMaier, Mark. Deconstructing Langston B. Hughes Theme for English B. 21 October 2005. http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/11600/deconstructing_langston_b_hughes.htmlMazzulla, Tina. It will be true A Look into the Voice of Langston Hughes. http//titan.iwu.edu/wchapman/americanpoetryweb/hughthem.htmlSemansky, Chris. Poetry for Students, The Gale Group, 1999. http//www.answers.com/topic/theme-for-e nglish-b-poem-6

Evolution as Fact & Theory` by Stephen Jay Gould Essay

This clause talks close maturation as it relates to science and religion, philosophically. Gould talks most the fact that the arguments for creationism and evolution have not changed much, the science and religion argon the same. He links the recent debates opposing the possibleness of evolution as the result of right larng politics that has taken hold of instantlys society and political world. Gould states that straightaways politicians talk about scientific creationism as if it is based in science.The creationists as well as jump on the term theory when used by evolutionist as if theory implies inference of guesswork, only theory. Gould explains the term theory as a pull in of ideas and facts. He provides examples of widely accepted theories in an attempt to debunk the creationist protestation to theory. He provides similar explanation of the term fact. Darwins theory and detailed explanation are reviewed in the article, as this is central to todays debate regarding crea tionism versus evolution. Goulds view is that creationists attempt to argue against evolution is based entirely on arguing rhetoric.They use an argument room of Poppers, which focuses on falsifying the evolutionist claims. Gould asserts that what the creationist lack is the ability to assure proves their own principles of creationism. Gould concludes that what keeps creationists squiffy in their picture system is dogma, not science. Thomas S. Kuhn The Structure of scientific Revolutions Like Gould, Kuhn takes on the debate between science and dogma. Kuhn is a scientist, clear a believer in the scientific process though he takes pains in his article to examine the issues raised by proponents of dogma.Kuhn also believes that the opposition to evolution is based on poking holes in theories and purpose loopholes, rather than convincing one with actual science. This article is largely concentrate on disproving dogma and supporting the scientific method. Kuhns overall belief as exp ressed in the article is that scientific theories always win arguments with dogma. This work includes a discussion on experience and perception and the relationship to presupposition. Kuhn reviews the process of scientific theory and discovery, and the philosophy behind the process.

Gibson Insurance Company

Overview Gibson redress Company has tasked Rebecca Hampton, the controller, with reviewing the companys allocation of unified stick out approachs in order to better assign the hail attri exactlyed to product lines and employment units. This is fundamental beca uptake it would help to provide better information for pricing conclusions, gross revenue compensation, and accent on beas in bell amendment. Gibson sells two categories of financial products annuities and life form _or_ system of government. They atomic number 18 both s aged(prenominal) by in-house gross revenue agents.Gibson decided to start buy opposite corporations in order to quickly grow the companys customer base and its assets under management (AUM). GIC acquired Compton indemnity Services and midwestern United States Mutual Insurance Company, and although they all sold the same services, the tolls and features were distinct. Gibson had a decision to make keep the refreshed acquisitions as recogni ze intelligent entities, or completely absorb them into its corporate system. GIC chose to keep them as separate legal entities, and treat them as wholly owned subsidiaries for legal and financial reporting purposes.Rebecca decided to re-evaluate the cost allocation structure. She chose to list them under 4 categories insurance insurance Acquisition, Customer Service, Sales and Marketing, and Corporate Overhead. All Relevant Issues Gibson Insurance main issue is its cost allocation system that allocates support cost to its miscellaneous product lines base on kernel number of policies. This provided for an inadequate coat of break ups for each barter unit and product line. For example, selling a rude(a) policy takes to a greater extent resources and effort than maintaining an in-force policy.A nonher concern is a decline in profitability although the gross gross revenue volumes ar increasing. This is possibly due to hidden cost problems or incorrectly set prices. afte r(prenominal) a break downhearted of support cost, Gibson also had a issue with possible inefficiency of treates. Hampton felt as though they used to many resources with selling untried policies. Relationships Among Important Issues GICs vernal cost allocation system provides for a inadequate allocation of cost. With the confessedly cost for each division and product line mis represented Gibson is unavailing to accurate set prices to match expenses of products.This also does not allow them to baffle across problem field of trading operationss, or inefficient processes, in learn of attention. With those two issues secretly effecting the books, GIC profitability has suffered. Relationships of Case Issues to Aim of the Company Gibsons poor cost allocation and lost in profits has it wanting to develop a unexampled allocation mode. With this bare-ass method they give be adequate to(p) to much accurately apply resource cost and pricing to unique(predicate) art units and products. After implementing the new drivers they allow be qualified to streamline processes to lower be.Making these changes pull up stakes allow Gibson to get to gain control of cost and by affect its profitability. New Problem Statement Resulting from Case summary Gibson is concerned about its authoritative allocation of corporate support costs. shortly it feels the resources of various business units are not properly assigned. Rebecca Hampton, the controller, must come up with a new allocation method to obtain a better handle on profitability, product pricing and agent compensation, and sure costs. Objectives verifying the old or developing new base on analysis Gibson Insurance main quarry is to improve profitability.Its second clinical is to better control pricing and resource allocation. To control pricing and resources, Gibson ternion objective is to develop a new cost allocation method based on different cost drivers. Finally Gibson aims to streamline its proce sses in the future to further lower cost to plus profit. Statement of Alternatives After analyzing the case we crap come up with quintette possible alternatives for Gibson Insurance company. First, Gibson offer choose to use the new cost drivers, developed by Hampton, to reallocate costs to provide a more accurate mental image of confirming costs.Second, Gibson can choose to reanalyze cost to come up with different cost drivers also to provide a more accurate describe of validating costs. Third, they can redivide the support services to private business units. This will help eliminate the simple allocation issue. Only the cost incurred in each department of the business entity will be attri preciselyed to the operations of the business entity. Fourth, Gibson can separate the individual product lines support. They can have have four separate departments for new and in-force insurance and annuities.This will dial in the cost not just now to individual product cost but what s tatus these products use the almost resources. It can turn much of the indirect cost into direct costs. Lastly, Gibson can choose to do nothing. It can occur to use current method of allocation and make educated deduce on what costs are incorrect and what prices are set correct. This pick is not an ideal one because Gibson is currently losing money. After choosing and implementing one of the supra excerpts, Gibson can begin to cook on underlying issues.They can use the new cost allocation analysis to enter if any area of business is in need of adjustment. It can then decide if price meets the cost demands of division and product line. Action Plan We agree with Gibsons controller that the new way of allocating costs is the best plan of attain for Gibson. beneath the old system, costs were broken up by separate legal entities and product lines. Using the old method, Midwest has $5,087,166 in integrality support costs, bandage Gibson has $5,080,997 and Compton has $3,751,83 7 totaling $13,920,000.The new method calls for the allocation of costs based on cost drivers, which Hampton divided into four categories policy acquisition, customer service, sales and merchandising and other corporate support. Each cost account is impelled by a cost driver. Policy acquisition is dictated by the number of steps required to move a new policy application to an in-force status. Customer service costs are control by the number of incoming calls. Sales and marketing costs are driven by the number of assembling needed to sell a product. Lastly, other corporate costs are fixd by the dollar cling to of AUM.The total support costs of $13,920,000 is broken up into $4,375,000 in policy acquisition costs, $2,426,000 in customer service costs, $4,552,000 in sales and marketing costs and lastly $2,567,000 in other corporate support costs. The new cost allocation system allows Gibson to appoint where the costs are emanating from. It helps them identify where they can cut costs and where to focus on their resources to meet their aim. By employing the new system, the per units costs for each cost-driver is as follows $42. 20 per step, $44. 06 per customer service call, $10. 2 per sales solicitation call and $14. 92 per policy for the overhead costs. Under the new system it was found that Compton has the support highest costs, as opposed to the old system where Midwest had the highest cost. The costs for new life insurance policies makes up 40% of the total costs, which is $5,609,243. However, the new life insurance policies bring in $19,200,000 in AUM for Gibson. Yes, it is costing Gibson more to bring in new policies, but new customers are expensive because they take away from the profit. Therefore, we do not see any problem with this plan.Moreover, the new plan allows them to see that the in-force policies are not costing them anything, which tells them to focus their resources on the new-policies for both the product lines. By analyzing we decided that it is definitely costing Gibson more to bring in life-insurance policies than annuities. For example, it takes five steps to complete a policy acquisition for life insurance compared to only two steps for annuities. Also, it takes them 10 extra sales solicitations per policy for life-insurance compared to annuities. We also feel that 20 solicitation calls for one life-insurance is expensive.It costs $881. 22 to make 20 calls and the AUM for a new life-insurance policy is only $1500, so the profit margin is less than 60%. Perhaps they can see to it their sales employees to better perform each call and sell a policy with less number of calls. By doing this they will be capable to cut their sales and marketing costs by 50% and increase their profits. Their total sales and marketing costs will go from $4,552,000 to $2,276,000 and it brings down the new life-policy costs from $5,609,243 to $4,326,989, which will make their product line more profitable and bring in more profits for Gibsons Inc.Knowing Constraints Potential Problems Gibson Insurance Company also has to deal with potential problems. If they break up the costs into individual processes, they could possibly spend a lot more money and sequence than they need to. By gathering the data and breaking it up into many costs accounts will eventually cost them more in terms of management compensation, rather than helping them save. Also by implementing a new training program we whitethorn have resistance from current employees because they may feel that they are doing their job correctly without needing more training.Analysis debut Leads to Definition of Problem By analyzing the cost structure and re-allocation the costs with the new cost drivers, we have determined that the problem is the cost of sales solicitation and, possibly, the price that Gibson is charging for its insurance policies. Develops, Justifies, and Rank Objectives Gibson has five objectives. Their primary objective is to improve their profits, which requires that they prioritize other objectives, which will help them reach their goal of maximising profit.By developing a new cost allocation method based on different cost drivers helps them to find places where they need control costs and resources, which helps them maximize profit. Develops and Weighs Alternatives We have listed five different options for Gibson to choose from. First option is to go with Hampton new cost drivers and reallocate cost on that basis. By choosing to go with the controllers numbers we will save time and money on research vs Option 2. After we do that we will have a more accurate picture of cost and resource allocation. This will allow Gibson to work on specific reas of cost that may be hindering the company such as the number of sales solicitations. By implementing the new training program we can reduce sales and marketing by 50% by cutting the contacts needed in half. Second, Gibson can choose to reanalyze cost to come up with differ ent cost drivers also to provide a more accurate picture of indirect costs. By going back and re-evaluating the drivers it would take more management resources. We would need to pull department heads off jobs and waste time possibly to issuing to the with same drivers that are already presented.So by choosing the first alternative we can get the new cost implemented faster and begin work on fixing problems sooner. Third, they can redivide the support services to individual business units. This will help eliminate the simplify allocation issue. Only the cost incurred in each department of the business entity will be attributed to the operations of the business entity. This will not be ideal because it would require extra spending on recruiting new personnel including management. Fourth, Gibson can separate the individual product lines support.They can have have four separate departments for new and in-force insurance and annuities. This will dial in the cost not only to individual product cost but what status these products use the most resources. It can turn much of the indirect cost into direct costs. This will prove to be an inefficient method of allocating cost. Gibson would need to assign more resources to hiring personnel and restructuring processes. Gibson would possibly have to redesign it entire operating process to separate its departments and consolidating its different products line from different companies under one business entity.It would also have to deal with the backlash of current customers who may running play into problems during the shift. Lastly, Gibson can choose to do nothing. It can continue to use current method of allocation and make educated guess on what costs are incorrect and what prices are set correct. This option is not an ideal one because Gibson is currently losing money. Selects Appropriate Alternative After analyzing the alternatives, we decided pick the first alternative that calls for to use the cost drivers developed Hampton.The costs are divided into four different costs namely, policy acquisition, customer service, sales and marketing and other corporate support. Each cost has cost driver, which decides the total cost for that cost account. Policy acquisition costs are driven by the number of steps required to move a new application to in-force status, which is two steps for annuities and five steps for life insurance. bite of incoming customer calls drive the cost for customer service while the number of sales solicitation drives the cost for sales and marketing costs.And finally, corporate overhead costs are driven by the dollar set of AUM. This plan will facilitate the decision process for the management because it helps them see where the costs are emanating and where they better turn their resources. For example, by allocating the costs other than they were able to see that Compton has the highest support costs at $5,100,202. 17 as oppose to the last plan where Midwest had the highest cost. It also allowed them to see that the in-force policies are not costing them anything in terms of policy acquisition and sales and marketing costs.This tells them which product line is more profitable and which is not, so they focus their resources accordingly. By finding where the costs are stemming from, they will be able to better control the costs thereby increasing their profits, which is their primary objective and that is that the first alternative is appropriate alternative for Gibson. Probability of Success This performance plan will be successful for Gibson because it will help the managers piss where the majority of their costs stem from. It will also help them determine where they should be focusing their attention to.

Influence of German Naval Policy, American Economic Interests

Assess the relative trance of three of the following in the the Statesn ending to take hold contend on Germany in 1917. German nautical insurance, American economic interests, and allied propaganda The American ratiocination to hold in contend on Germany was square upd by some(prenominal) factors of varying degrees. To a spectacular extent, the aggressive German naval policy contri be nervesed to the involvement of the United States in World War I. A secondary model on this decision derived from U. S. economic interests abroad and on the homefront. Another influence leading to Americas entrance into war was the lend oneself of associate propaganda.Therefore, the combination of German naval policy, American economic interests, and allied propaganda influenced to the American decision to declare war on Germany. The stimulus of the German naval policy was arguably the most impactful on the decision of the U. S. to declare war on Germany. though the U. S. had been establish ed with neutrality, American trade with countries at war was unhindered. As the war progressed the Central power of Germany became depleted of resources due to a blockade of passing advanced fleet of war ships.U. S. became involved in a mesh when Germany peril our trade with Great Britain. Several German U-boats began sinking ships that were glide for either the transportation of people or goods and arms. 1 Wilson viewed these actions as wanton acts, and afterwards a particular ship called the Lusitania was torpedoed by German U-Boats in 1915, the U. S. threatened to retaliate with military intervention against Germany. By this point the American commonwealth exhibited a growing resentment toward the German regime.Although the German government concord first to restrict their submarine war via the Arabic pledge by sending a warning before taking aggressive naval action, only if later changed to a new restriction via the Sussex which restricted this warfare by targeting only enemy military ships. Wilson, who strived for peace with forbidden victory, struggled morally because of the military unit that Germany used against the U. S. Four days after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson skint all diplomatic relations with Germany in 1917 which was his last attempt to strain what his slogan for the 1916 election entitled He kept us out of the war. As well as being a profound press for lasting peace, Wilson also pursued his foreign policy of Moral fineness with unabated hope and patience although this hope was never fulfilled. though he possessed such versatility, the greater part of his moral struggle was the decision to declare war on Germany. A less powerful swing on the American decision to declare war on Germany was U. S. economic interests. The development that occurred from WWI was one of the greatest economic booms in the nations history. Because of the status of neutrality, the U.S. had the right to continue trade with bellig erent countries, and since there was a need for its general use, metal was the most profitable trade with nations at war. Not only did this benefit the recipients thrift, but the U. S. economy benefitted greatly from it as well. When the War Industries Board instigated the immediate production ammunition and armor, businesses in industry welcomed the guaranteed business and carried out the request. Trade between the U. S. and Germany humble to 90% because of extensive, supreme blockade of German ports.The supplies sent on ships such as the Lusitania were considered contraband which was illegal to trade to these countries in Europe at the time. This led not only to the sinking of many merchant ships but to the deeper resentment of Germany. This economic fueling of the England and France with huge lists of arms, grain, cotton, and clothing brought the U. S. closer to the side of the Alliance in Europe. These countries looked to American bankers for loans in order to pay for America n resources, and by 1917, loans to Allied governments exceeded $2 billion while German loans reached $27 million. Trade and loans brought the U.S. even closer to the Allied cause, and because of the extensive investments placed on these belligerent countries, the U. S. would do no good to remain neutral for as long as the war promoted a distinct winner. Wilson often protested English naval policy that involved American goods and money, whereas Germanys submarine policy threatened American lives. Therefore, Wilsons strengthened resentment toward Germany was an ancillary influence leading to U. S. decision declaration of war on Germany. A minor(ip) influence on the U. S. decision to declare war on Germany was with the use of Allied propaganda.To utilize the concept of preparedness, the army was regulated by the discriminating Service Act of 1917 in which the 2nd draft was formed with an period limit of 18-45 years. The results of the draft concluded with 24 million registered men but only 3 million were drafted along with 2 million volunteers. This amount was achieved by the use of propaganda used to target the emotions of all who see it. known British war propaganda for draft recruiting aimed to invoke fear and the desire for vindicate on Germany which was depicted as a Hun, ape, or some cleanup spot machine.Collectively, the propaganda was used for nationalistic purposes which made the U. S. more in agreement that the war was and needed to happen however, the population did not how involved the U. S. would get in the war. World War I pulled the U. S. into the unrest of Europe by the ropes of several significant factors. The most effectual influence was the crisis with Germany and their dreaded U-boats which was a confirmation to U. S. keeping a neutral status and pursuing economic interests. Though this economic interest was of lesser influence than the German navy, the effect of propaganda on the U.S. decision about the war had even less power to infl uence this historical decision that changed the entire war up to its end. Trying to influence the Congress to pass the declaration of war, the multifaceted possibilities collectively created far-reaching results that may pack prevented Europe from its eventual end. 1 . The North Sea was declared a war zone and that any ship sailing one of the Allied Powers flag would be attacked by German navy.

Abuse: How It Effects Cognitive Development Essay

Abstract search indicates that psychic traumatic clawhood experiences, such as squall, gain the risk for contrary cognitive ripening bothers that inwardness percolateing, memory, and consciousness. Statistics show that no star epoch, gender, or ethnic group is excluded. Cognitive culture that is affected includes base, learning disorders, ontogenyal disorders, concomitant disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Patterns of accessory affect the quality of information processing end-to-end the respective(prenominal)s life. With this evidence, it is imperative to stick designs available that focus on on prevention for p bents and baberen. There argon outside management courses, substance misapply classes, school based educational programs, required registration of offenders, and background checks. handling strategies for children ar withal important and should include establishing safety, dealing with the trauma, and convinced(p) self-assessment therap y, and rede for functional impairment.IntroductionAbuse increases the risk for suppressed cognitive education. maltreat comes in m all forms natural, cozy, psychological, neglect, and even nuisance from peers. Current studies only focus on subvert from defenders. However, peer abuse exists as and does take up a psychological effect on cognitive ripening (Ambert, 1994). Young children, assuage embedded in the present do non save the big businessman to see themselves a fortune of the bigger picture. The se themselves as the middle of the universe and everything that happens is posely related to their own sensation. Development consists of learning to cut through those experiences and to learn to encounter the present as part of ones personal experience over time. Piaget called this decentration moving from being ones reflexes, movements and sensations to having them. The age at which the abuse occurs jakes allude the learning and victimisation leading to mental d isorders, Post Traumatic Stress perturb (PTSD), and attachment issues.Because of the results, help programs and education need to be in place for advances, abusers and children of abuse. For example, avant-garde Harmelen, deJong, Glashouwer, Spinhoven, Penninx, and Elzinga (2010) did a contain on how childhood abuse affects cognitive disorders. The inexplicit Association Test was apply to evaluate depression and anxiety, although it has been shown to in whatever case impact learning and development and PTSD. Participants were asked questions in order to perplex self-reports in this discipline of depression and anxiety. It was found that childhood abuse leads to a steeper self-depression ad self-anxiety view. From this poll it is clear that abuse affects cognitive function. agree to Feldman (2011), cognitive development is the way that an separate grows and changes and the change in their intellectual capabili draw ins ass regularise ones behavior and learning abilitie s. Different cognitive development happens in different stages throughout an individuals life. These stages include other(a) childhood and toddlerhood (age birth to three years) children learning to sit, crawl, and walk, memory functions begin, visual recognition, and language development are present. During the preschool period (age three to six years) growth and muscular development carry on, neural interconnects grow and develop, memory functions grows, delicately and gross force back acquisitions become much refined so preschoolers can catch, throw, run, use silverware, and tie their shoes. During middle childhood (age six to twelve years) growth of body and promontory function continues still. Gross motor functions develop to include biking, swimming, and skating. Increased fine motor skills include writing, typing, zipping, and neverthelesstoning.During adolescence (twelve years to twenty years), growth of body and neurologic surgical procedure continue and informal characteristics develop. During young adult (age twenty to cardinal years) on that point is a peak in physical capabilities (strength, coordination, and reaction time), foreland function continues to grow, stress can be a health scourge (Feldman, 2011). Depending on the age the abuse occurs can affect each individuals cognitive development to include but not express to disorders the likes of depression, anxiety, learning and memory disorders, PTSD, and attachment disorders. According to the definition presumptuousness by Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, depression is the emotional state that is characterized by extraordinary sadness. Since 1967, Aaron Beck has furnishd us with a model of his theory on depression. Becks diathesis-stress theory kindles that depression leads back to a nonadaptive formation early on, which left the individual vulnerable to depression if encountered with stressors (Butcher, Mineka, Hooley, 2010).Butcher, Mineka, and Hooly (2010) discuss that accordi ng to Beck the parent or guardian are responsible for providing the child or adolescents schema. These may lie dormant until activated by a critical incident. It then(prenominal) triggers automatic negative thoughts that lead to depression. Reports of child abuse give birth suggested an increase in negative self-worth, negative self-attitudes, and negative self-associations. They tend to get caught up in a negative mood, which leads to depression (van Harmelen, deJong, Glashouwer, Spinhover, Penninx, and Elzing, 2010). A learning disorder is a term that refers to a delayed development. It may be with speech, mathematics, reading, memory, or motor skills. Poor motor function and memory are associated with the force to learn and functioning a school setting.Contributions to exploring the relationship of cognitive development and learning are growing. According to the studies done by Giesbrecht and Merckelbach (2012) some victims of abuse tend to compartmentalize their trauma. Whil e research shows that some learning disabilities are hereditary, other studies have shown the impact that abuse has on the ability to learn and retain information. Learning disabilities are the products of delicate central nervous arrangement impairments. These learning disabilities are the core of immaturity, deficiency, or dysregulation partial to those cognitive skills that are in normal brain functions (Legano, McHough, and Palusci, 2009). In addition, there is a arrogant correlation amongst abuse and cognitive failures from Broadbent, Cooper, Fitzgerald, and Parkess Cognitive Failures Questionnaire that measures frequent lapses and errors.There has been a major change in the way one is diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a arch and chronic condition, which is no longitudinal conceptualized as a normal reaction to and abnormal stressor but rather a pathological response to an essential form of stress (Butcher, Mineka, Hooley, 2010). There may be a bidirectional and temporal relationship between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the hippocampus and neuropsychological functioning in the structural and functional part of the brain. These may either precede the development of PTSD or leave after the onset of PTSD (Gould, Clarke, Heim, Harver, Majer, and Nemeroff, 2012). Those that have been sexually abused have long-term mental and emotional suffering that lingers. They are likely to have feelings of anxiety, depression, anger, and low self-esteem and are much likely to suffer PTSD (Milner and William, 1995).These can impact marriages and other close relationships. seek by DeBellis, Hooper, Woolley, and Shenk (2009) pediatric PTSD symptoms are associated with lower visual memory, developmental trauma, anxiety and can lead to problems with adult PTSD. A cognitive treatment for PTSD is to vividly recount the traumatic event over and over until there is a decrease in the emotional responses. One other important scener y of a childs development is their form of attachment. This begins within the category and with the guardian. According to Ainsworth, there are four classifications of infant attachment that can have an impact on the childs in store(predicate).A safe attachment is where the father is a confident base when she is in functionance. As soon as she leaves the child is obviously upset and immediately goes to her upon return. The avoidant attachment is a style in which the child does not seek tautness to the mother and seems to avoid her upon arrival. The ambivalent attachment is an attachment in which the child shows varied reactions. They cry when she leaves but upon return they kick and hit her. pass away is the disorganized-disoriented attachment. This style shows contradictory behavior. They lead not look at the mother upon arrival. These seem to be the most negatively attached children (Feldman, 2011). Infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents are to a greater extent likel y to develop negative attachments if abused. Separation anxiety seems to be the biggest problem of individuals that have been abused (Barth, 2009). According to Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley (2010), early victims of rejection and abuse have minus effects on a persons worldview.They also suggest that a parent-child relationship is bidirectional. Some children are easier to love than others based on their temperaments while the guardians mental stability affects the attachment relationship. The eccentric person of attachment formed correlates to the type of parenting style. The different parenting styles are authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful. According to Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley (2010), the authoritative parent is high on warmth and moderate on control. Research shows that children of authoritative parents tend to be friendly and confident. The Authoritarian parent is low on warmth and high on control Research shows that children of the authoritarian parent c an be conflicted and saturnine. These adolescents usually have more negative outcomes especially with social anc cognitive skills.Next, the permissive parent is high on warmth but low on discipline. Studies indicate that children of permissive parents are impulsive and aggressive. They are often. selfish and demanding. Last, the neglectful parent is low on warmth and low on control. Children of neglectful parents are moody with a low self esteem. They have conduct and peer problems. They also reflect poor academics. Researchers have shown that providing structure and guidance while allowing a sense of control and freedom gives the child a more positive attachment (Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, 2010). Thus negative parenting styles can have an overwhelming effect on an individuals ability to cope with later challenges. mannerHarmelen, deJong, Glashouwer, Spinhoven, Pennix, and Elzinga (2010) explored the negative cognitive scars of abuse. The discover dated from 2004-2007, which con sisted of participants in the regular ecumenical population and those of mental care institutes at different stages of psychopathology. The ethical go over board of the University Medical Center in Amsterdam approved it. Adults were between ages 18 and 65, had a foregone or present depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, brat disorder, and/or social disorder.There were a total of 2981 participants (age M=41.9, SD=13.0). The DSM-IV was used as the diagnostic measure and past childhood abuse was deliberate by self-report and with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Childhood abuse was assed by utilizing the Nemesis trauma interview which asks participants whether they and experienced emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse prior to the age of sixteen. Answers were recorded. Computation came from subtraction of the mean pass judgment of anxiousness from the mean rating of calm on the IAT-stimuli. A written consent was obtained after reviewing the study to the participants.ResultsThe find ings in the study of Harmelen, deJong, Glashouwer, Spinhoven, Pennix, and Elzinga (2010) explain that, when compared to the no abused group, abused individuals have a stronger depression, high anxiety, and a lower self-esteem when compared to non-abused individuals. There was not a difference in age or education. However, females showed a higher effect of negative self-associations although both genders are affected by maltreatment. The study also showed a higher significance in correlation to sexually abused participants versus physically abused participants. Cognitive emotional maltreatment is related to the negative self-associations and development that individuals face. The study suggests that the longer that children are exposed to any form of maltreatment, the more likely they are to develop damaging cognitive schemas which lead to cognitive disorders (Harmelen, deJong, Glashouwer, Spinhoven, Pennix, and Elzinga, 2010.DiscussionAccording to a recent study (Child Maltreatment , 2010) over 3 million children are abused or pretermit in the United States each year. 8.7 million of the nations children or 1 in 7 have been maltreated. This could be mentally, physically, or sexually. Seventy five percent of all perpetrators are between the ages twenty and thirty nine. Studies have also shown that abused children are more likely to abuse substances (Wulczyn, 2009). There are certain reasons that increase the likelihood of abuse. These include family that bring in an annual income of under $15,000, presence of drug or alcohol addiction, the cycle of past abuse or cycle of violence hypothesis, stressful environments, high marital conflict, single parent families, and families that have more than four children. Incest happens in more wealthy families (Feldman, 2011). In addition, children that already have certain risk factors such as learning disabilities, behavior problems, visual or hearing impairments, or other medical problems can increase the possibility of abuse (Child Maltreatment, 2010).The consequence of early abuse may carry on into adolescence and even the early stages of adulthood. The results of this study reserve it clear that the United State needs to make sure that there are prevention programs, community management programs, and counsellor programs all with the correct education and proper training. Wulczyn (2009) shows how prevention programs offer a chance to minimize the effects of maltreatment on the developing child, but many, if not most, jurisdictions lack the infrastructure to do so within the traditionalistic child welfare system. Home visiting programs aim to prevent child abuse by providing knowledge, belief in abusing parenting, empathy, sensitive, responsive parenting, and the ability to provide a safe and stimulating home environments (Wulczyn, 2009).Barth (2009) describes a triple P-Positive parenting program to help parents deal with issues. This includes five levels of intervention 1. A media campaign that informs parents round issues and gets them involved 2. Targets an individual topic at a time such as toilet training or bedtime. Parents would be in direct contact with a trainer. 3. Helps parents concerned with their childs development and attend brief programs to learn how to manage certain behaviors. 4. This is for parents of children with more severe problems like aggression or behavior issues. They are given certain skills along with contact with a primary care physician. Last is level 5. This is for parents of dysfunctional families with behavior problems. They attend eleven 1-hour sessions and practitioners conduct home visits to ensure the skill being thought are being used.The biggest question of how to prevent sexual abuse remains unanswered. There are numerous signs and prior efforts have been useful but new methods still need to be moreover explored and researched. Finklehor (2009) suggest that offender management and school-based programs should be necessary to help regularize sexual abuse. Registering sex offenders, notifying communities about their presence, background checks, controlling where they can live, and longer prison terms. Finklehor (2009) continues to say that one third of the offenders are juveniles which is why there is such a need for school based programs as well. This testament help to teach students the skills necessary to identify dangerous situations. Abused children will demonstrate different behaviors once removed temporarily from the home and laid in a therapeutic environment (Ambert, 1994).In addition to providing services, sometimes a temporary removal needs to be entertained until the family dynamics can be evaluated. Until recently, no study actually showed that participation in a prevention program resulted in reduced rates of sexual abuse for participants (Legano, McHugh, Palusci). It is important for counselors or facilitators of programs to have an infering of screenings, treatment evaluations, and trea tment planning (Milner and Murphy, 1995).There needs to be sufficient legal and clinical instruction and training about child abuse before any assessment is conductive. The American counsel Association has put into place a Code of Ethics for professionals to follow. Individuals need to be careful not to obtain a false positive based on bias in their findings. Working with children of abuse requires special training in order to accomplish the desired outcome. It is the counselors responsibility to practice in the boundaries for which they are qualified to work. In addition, they have a responsibility to read and understand their ethics code (ACA Code of Ethics, 2005).ReferencesACA Code of Ethics (2005) American Counseling Association. Retrieved September 22, 2012 from http//www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home Ambert, A. (1994). A qualitative study of peer abuse and its effects Theoretical andempirical implications. ledger of Marriage and Family, 56 (1), 119-130. Retr ieved from http//www.jstor.org/ unchanging/352708 Barth, R. (2009). Preventing child abuse and neglect with parent training Evidence and opportunities. The prospective of children, 19 (2), 95-118. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/27795049 Butcher, J., Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. (2010). Abnormal psychology. (14 ed.). Boston Pearson Education, Inc Child Maltreatment (2010). Retrieved November 2, 2012 from http//archive.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm10/cm10.pdf DeBellis, M., Hooper, S., Woolley, D., & Shenk, C. (2009). Demographic,maltreatment, and neurobiological correlates of ptsd symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35 (5), 570-577. Retrieved from http//www.jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org Feldman, R. (2011). Development crosswise the life span. (6 ed., pp. 178-251). Upper Saddle River Pearson Education, Inc Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. The afterlife of children 19(2), 169-194. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org /stable/27795052Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2009). Betrayal trauma theory ofdissociative experiences Stroop and directed forgetting findings. The Americal Journal of Psychology, 122(3), 337-348. Gould, F., Clarke, J., Heim, C., Harvey, P., Majer, M., & Nemeroff, C. (2012). The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood. Journal of psychiatric research, 46 (4), 500-506. doi 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.005 Legano, L., McHugh, M., & Palusci, V. (2009). Child abuse and neglect. Current problems of pediatric and adolescent health care,doi10.1016/j.cppeds.2008.11.00 Milner, J., & William, W. (1995). Assessment of child physical and sexual abuse offenders. Family Relations, 44 (4), 478-488. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/585002 van Harmelen, A., deJong, P., Glashouwer, K., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B., & ElzingB. (2010). Child abuse and negative explicit and automatic self-associations Tcognitive scars of emotional maltreatment. port research and therapy, 48(4), 486-494. doi 10.1016/j.brat.2010.02.003Wulczyn, F. (2009). Epidemiological perspectives on maltreatment prevention. The future of children, 19 (2), 39-66. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/27795047