Copper Ion Effects On Mung Beans Germination Environmental Sciences Essay

Copper Ion Effects On Mung Beans spr stunneding Environmental Sciences EssayThis essay was planned to investigate the effect of dissimilar immersions on blur ion on seeded player germination of green gram bean beans. The experiment uses seed germination as a parameter in the presence of varying concentration of copper ion solution (Cu2+) in copper (ii) sulphate (CuSO4). Solutions used were ccc ppm, 200 ppm, hundred ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, and 0 ppm and the seeds were all impish for 6 hours, and then sown on Petri dishes with a wetted cotton fiber layer. The seeds were watered with the same volume of Cu2+ solution of respective concentrations. The numbers of seeds germinated were recorded after 20 hours, and the germination consider was calculated. Results showed that germination compute increases as concentration decreases. An analysis was done using the Pearson product-moment correlational statisticsal statistics coefficient (PMCC), and it showed a statistically s ignifi piece of tailt negative linear kindred between concentration of Cu and germination rate as the calculated r-value was greater than critical value (Cr) at 5% significant level.Research and principlePlants as micronutrients require a number of heavy metals, which are found naturally in soil.13 However, the global buildup of metals in the environment is increasingly becoming a problem.1 Toxic metals continue polluting the biosphere by volcanoes, natural weathering of rocks, and by industrial activities such as combustion of fossil fuels and mining.2 Heavy metal pollution has accelerated since the offshoot of the industrial revolution. Copper (Cu) is one of the main metal pollutants, and usually results from human activities such as mining and the use of fertilizers.4 Cu is an essential element call for in trace measuring rods in plants, ab stunned 4-30 ppm of the approximate dry weight in plants (Raven and Johnson 1999), associated with enzyme activity which catalyses the o xidative reactions in various metabolic pathways.(4)An excess causes a reduce in germination, growth, respiration, photosynthesis and also causes severe membrane decomposition.4 It becomes hepatotoxic as it interferes with the enzyme activity, playacting as a non-competitive inhibitor, destructing the tertiary bonds in some enzymes, thus altering and inhibiting enzyme activity.4 Human life becomes at risk once these plants develop tolerance mechanisms against Cu, and when these plants are incorporated into our provender chain.(2) Mung bean is part of the human food chain as it is a favourite ingredient in Asian food.5 It is commercially grown in many regions of Asia. An ability of it to become Cu patient would pose a high risk on human health due to Cu accumulation in the body.2This investigation also serves to show the causa of soils suitable for mung bean growth in agriculture. Soils contaminated by copper or near industries are deemed unsuitable. The seed- Vigna radiata, c ommonly known as mung beans was chosen as it has a short life cycle and is small, thus spacious numbers of the seeds can be used as not much space is taken.(487 Words)Germination rate, which is usually expressed in percentage, shows the number of seeds that is likely to germinate based on a particular plant species.6 Germination is one of the most critical stages of development in a plants life cycle. It is at this stage where the plants are more susceptible to injuries, water stress or diseases. 7 observational HypothesisThe lower the concentration of Cu2+ in the solution, the greater the germination rate of mung beans.Null HypothesisThere is no correlation between the different concentrations of Cu2+ in the solution and the germination rate of mung beans.VariablesManipulated variable Different concentrations of Cu2+ from Cuso4. (ppm)Responding variable Germination rate of mung beans (%)Fixed variables plurality of Cuso4 (g)Volume of solution used for soaking (30 ml/beaker) an d for moistening the cotton (50 ml/petri dish)TemperatureLight IntensityHumidity(632 Words)Apparatus Petri dishesLabel stickersWeighing counterbalanceDropperBeakers (600 ml)Volumetric flask ( deoxyguanosine monophosphate ml) touchstone cylinders (100 ml, and five hundred ml)PipetteSchott bottlesMaterials 3.937g of Cuso4Distilled waterMung bean seeds (A)CottonPlanning procedure of seeds used 15The prototypal trial was to determine the condition needed for germination. Three different conditions were identified- in the dark (inside a cupboard), normal laboratory conditions, and outside the laboratory (under normal environment). The seeds were soaked for an hour in distilled water and then sown on wetted cotton. For each condition, three replicates were prepared. The results were observed after 20 hours.(736 Words)ConditionsNumber of seeds Germinated crocked Number of Seeds Germinated double 1Replicate 2Replicate 3Laboratory6988In the Cupboard8141111Garden6957Table 1 Germination rat e of seeds in different conditionsGermination rate= Number of seeds germinated/Total number of seeds 100The results showed that the seeds grown in the dark had the highest germination rate. This is in line with what has been write about the germination of mung beans in web commits stating that mung beans germinate in darkness.5 Therefore, it was decided that further germination of the seeds would be carried out in the dark under room temperature of 25C in the mornings and 22C during night.The second trial was a combination to find out the most suitable duration to soak the seeds and the best concentrations needed to carry out the experiment. For starters, the concentrations decided were a range from 1000 parts per million (ppm), 750 ppm, 50 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm and 0 ppm (distilled water). The stock solution of 1000 ppm was prepared by the side by side(p) method.(929 Words)To make 1000 ppm of Cu using CuSo4.5H2oMolar Mass of CuSo4.5H2o= 249.5gAtomic weight of Cu=63.5g1g of Cu in relation to molar mass of sodium chloride= 249.5/63.5= 3.931gHence, 3.931g is weighed out from CuSo4.5H2o and dissolved in 1000ml of distilled water to make a standard solution of 1000ppm of Cu.8From the stock solution, the serial dilution method was app fabricationd to make a concentration of 750 ppm. From 1000 ml of the stock solution, 750 ml of the solution was diluted in 250 ml of distilled water in a volumetric flask, to make up 1000 ml of 750 ppm solution of Cu. To make up 500 ppm solution, 500 ml of stock solution was diluted in 500 ml of distilled water and so on.The duration to soak was set to one hour, three hours, six hours and 12 hours. The seeds were soaked in 6 beakers containing the different concentrations, and sown to germinate on Petri dishes. Wetted cotton was used, and the respective concentration of the solution the seeds were soaked in was used to wet the cotton. 15 soaked seeds of similar size were chosen to germinate in twain replicates.(1125 Words)Concent ration (ppm)Duration of Soaking (Hours)1360A10810B111010Mean11911Germination Rate (%)73.360.073.3100A5613B2212Mean4413Germination Rate (%)26.726.786.7250A052B046Mean054Germination Rate (%)033.326.7500A004B005Mean005Germination Rate (%)0033.3750A000B000Mean002Germination Rate (%)0.00.00.01000A000B000Mean000Germination Rate (%)0.00.00.0Table 2 Germination rate of seeds in different conditions soaked for different durations(1286 Words)Observations were made 20 hours later, and in concentrations of 1000 ppm and 750 ppm, no seeds germinated. 500 ppm was the highest concentration whereby seeds germinated while for 0%, the germination rate was 80%. The seeds that was soaked for six hours showed the highest seed germination rate for the concentrations whereby seeds did germinate. Therefore, it was decided that the best range of concentrations to be used included 0 ppm, and also a value slightly lower than 500 ppm, and the duration of soaking was 6 hours.For seeds soaking in 500 ppm solution s ad above, the seeds appeared slightly purplish, and some even turned black. The seeds germinated at concentration of 500 ppm had its root stunted with necrotic tips.To ensure the results were more reliable statistically, the number of seeds to be used in the actual experiment was increased to 50 seeds per concentration quite of 15. The actual experiment also included two replicates, using similar methods to obtain more reliable results. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to fail the data obtained.Experimental ProceduresA stock solution of 1000ppm of Cu2+ was prepared from 3.937g of Cuso4 (as indicated in the trial).The serial dilution method is used to prepare different concentrations of Cu2+ in Cuso4 solution. For example, 10 ml of 1000ppm solution was pipetted out and mixed with 990ml of distilled water in a 1000 ml volumetric flask to obtain a 10ppm solution, and so on. Besides 10 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and ccc ppm wer e prepared and stored in designate Schott bottles.(1558 Words)At least a 150 seeds were chosen randomly and situated in a beaker to be soaked with a ccc ppm solution (50 ml) for six hours.Two Petri dishes were prepared and labeled A and B. Two layers of white cotton were placed in each Petri dish, spread evenly. The cottons were moistened with 300 ppm solution of the same volume (30 ml).50 seeds of similar size were chosen and sown in each labeled Petri dish and placed inside the cupboard to germinate.Observation was made 20 hours after sowing. Germination was said to move over occurred once the radicle was visibly extended from the go forth of the seed for about a minimum of 5mm.The number of seeds germinated was determined, and the mean and the germination rate were calculated.Steps 2 to 8 were repeated for different concentrations- 200 ppm, 100 ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, 25 ppm, and 0 ppm, and all results were recorded in Table 3, a graph was plotted and a PMCC test was used to ana lyse the data.Risk AssessmentAll glasswares, such as measuring cylinders and volumetric flask were handled with extra care as they can break easily and whitethorn then cause injuries. The soaked seeds were handled with gently as they are very fragile. While using the measuring cylinder, volumetric flask and pipette to visor the amount of solution needed, the eye-level was ensured to be perpendicular with the scale on those apparatus as to prevent parallax error. This was crucial while mixing the stock solution for a petty difference may actually see the percentages of all the new(prenominal) solutions.(1833 Words)ResultsConcentration (ppm)Number of Seeds GerminatedMean Number of Seeds GerminatedGermination Rate (%)AB04950501002546484794504445459075403839781001513142820071091830079816Table 3 Germination of seeds in different concentrationsCalculating germination rate=== 78%(1910 Words)Statistical compend(1932 Words)The PMCC test was chosen to measure the strength of linear depen dence between two variables-concentrations and germination rate.The correlation coefficient, r ranges from +1 to -1. A value of nought indicates no linear correlation between the said variables, while +1 indicates a linear equation explains the relationship between concentration and germination rate perfectly, with all the points from the data lying on a line for which germination rate increases as concentration increases. A value of -1 indicates that all points from the data lie on a line whereby germination rate decreases as concentration increases.9x0255075100200300X=750y100949078281816Y=424x2062525005625100004000090000x2= 148750y210000883681006084784324256y2=34384yx0235045005850280036004800xy= 23900SS (x) ===68392.857SS (y) ===8701.714SS (xy) === -21528.571( Words)The correlation coefficient, r, is found using the formula= -0.8825 (negative indicating a negative correlation between variables)r = 0.8825 0.754 Cr for 5% confidence level.The analysis using PMCC proved a statistic ally significant negative linear relationship between the concentrations of Cu2+ in CuSO4 and germination rate, as the calculated r value was larger than Cr at 5% confidence level.Hence, null hypothesis is rejected and experimental hypothesis is accepted. A higher concentration of Cu2+ leads to a lower germination rate of mung beans.Data AnalysisThe statistical analysis using PMCC proved that low concentration of Cu did result in a greater germination rate of mung beans, as shown in Table 3 too which shows the number of seeds germinated after treatment with respective concentrations of Cu2+ in CuSO4 solutions for 20 hours. The table shows that only a very low concentration of Cu allows germination.Graph 1 illustrates the trend and relationship between the variables. It can be seen clearly that as the concentration of Cu2+ in CuSO4 increases, the rate of germination decreases. Distilled water recorded the highest germination at 100%, while the lowest germination rate was noted when t he concentration used was 300 ppm.There is a great difference in germination rate from 75 ppm to 100 ppm, about 50%.Increase the concentration from 25 ppm to 50 ppm and 200 ppm to 300 ppm only showed a decrease in 4% and 2% respectively. This may one of the inconsistencies of the experiment.Distilled water, or 0 ppm acted as a get the hang in this experiment. From the results obtained, all the seeds germinated when soaked in distilled water. From the trials, seeds soaked in distilled water did not germinate more than 80%, however in the actual experiment it was 100%. After much research, I concluded that the results obtained from the actual experiment was valid as it supports the results obtained from various other research published.1, 10The inconsistencies that occurred may countenance been due toSome of the seeds may have been already damaged (trials) and so germination was impossibleThe cotton layers used in 0 ppm during trials were too thick, and became dry fast, thus made it impossible for the seeds to absorb the water and enable germination in 20 hours.Mixing errors could have occurred causing the drop between 75 ppm and 100 ppm, as the concentrations of the solutions could have been higher than it was suppose to be.( Words)EvaluationThe degree of seed germination in the presence of Cu2+ is to some extent a measure of resistance of mung beans to this toxic metal.11 Germination, is a process said to occur when a dormant seed begins sprouting into a seedling, under the right increase conditions.14 This process is highly dependent on external and internal conditions. Light or darkness, temperature, water and oxygen and considered to be the important external conditions that may affect germination.Imbibition, the process by which water is taken up by the seeds, causes the soaked mung bean seeds to swell and start softening, thus the breaking of the seed coat.11, 6 This makes germination easier. Hydrolytic enzymes are activated (due to water), and these e nzymes digest the food source in the seeds into chemicals, that are useful metabolically. 6, 7Excess Cu is detrimental as it becomes toxic. It interferes with the enzyme activity, acting as a non-competitive inhibitor, destructing the tertiary bonds in some enzymes, thus altering and inhibiting enzyme activity.4 It combines with the thiol groups, breaking the hydrogen bonds and disulphide bridges holding the 3-D shape together (of an enzyme). In order to germinate, amylose is needed, and is metabolized by amylase. The interference of toxic level of Cu causes the inhibition of amylases, thus preventing the food store in the cotyledon to be broken down, depriving the fertilized egg from carbohydrate needed for respiration and production of energy for germination.4( Words)There were some limitations in this experiment. The temperature of the surroundings is one of it. It was assumed that the temperature in the cupboard was to be 22 and 25 at night and morning respectively. However, alo ng the day, the temperature could have fluctuated. This could have affected the germination process, as the time taken for germination to occur could have been longer.Besides, the humidity of the surroundings was also not measured and thought to be constant all the time. However, due to changes in weather (rain at night, hot sun in the mornings) during the time of experiment, there could have been changes in relative humidity and temperature too. Some of the seeds may have already been damaged but appeared normal. These seeds could have been sown for germination, thus it can be certain that the seeds that did not germinate were purely due to high toxic Cu levels or not.The use of a large sample had given enough replicates to support the conclusion for this experiment. The results are reliable as the experiment can be controlled and also repeated. This investigation only unhappy on the make of Cu on the germination of mung beans, without subjecting the seeds to different abiotic o r biotic pressures.Modification could be made by comparing the, effects of other heavy metals such as Nickel, Cadmium and Lead on the germination of mung beans. Besides investigating the rate of germination only, the length of the radicle can measured (plant growth) to see the effects on growth of mung beans. The growth of plants may show a more visible change due to the toxic metals. Plus, other varieties of seeds such as sunflower, orca or cabbage can be used to test the levels of metal toxicity tolerance on other plants species.( Words)ConclusionWith reference to the results obtained and statistical analysis made, it can be concluded that the lower the concentration of Cu in the solution, the greater the germination rate of mung beans, Vigna radiata. This is because Cu is an enzyme, non-competitive inhibitor which alters and inhibits enzyme activity. Thus experimental hypothesis is accepted, while null hypothesis is rejected.Evaluation of SourcesSource 7 and 13 are published book s written by well-known authors in the scientific community. The source is reliable as it has been revised, recognized and undergone a series of editing before being published.Sources 1,2,3, 10 and 11 are scientific journals. Scholars wrote it and the journals have been peer-reviewed, and have a high level of scientific creditability. Therefore, these sources should contain valid information.Sources 4,5,6,8,9,12 and 14 are websites. These are sites that have been referral site to by many people and the information in it are also cited, thus it is reliable.( Words)AppendixFigure The apparatus used to make the stock solution-500ml Measuring Cylinder, 100ml Measuring cylinder, 1000ml volumetric flask( Words)